Facing its largest seasonal algal bloom in 20 years, the
Sweetwater Authority may need to buy water to address the
problem. At its May 28 board meeting, the South Bay agency
agreed to increase its budget for the year in case it must
purchase more water to dilute the water supply. The agency says
doing so would help mitigate changes to the water’s taste and
odor caused by the algae. … For the past six months
Sweetwater has been grappling with a number of pollutants in
its main reservoir and has been using its water surplus to
dilute the problem. Earlier this year, the authority
transferred water to the Sweetwater Reservoir from Loveland
Reservoir to lower levels of chemicals, known as PFAS, detected
in the water. Now, in what they say is a separate issue,
the agency would either use purchased water to dilute the algal
bloom, or may also sell the purchased water to customers rather
than diluting its own.
The San Diego County Board of Supervisors approved a resolution
Wednesday that urges the federal government to pressure Mexico
to end the Tijuana River sewage crisis. The resolution, brought
forth by Republican Supervisor Jim Desmond, passed by a vote of
3-1. But it was Desmond who ultimately cast the lone “no” vote
because the amended version officials approved doesn’t go far
enough, he said. … Specifically, the resolution calls on
Congress to pass legislation that would hold Mexico accountable
for failing to prevent sewage from polluting communities in the
county’s southwest region. Some measures suggested include
federal authorization to divert or restrict the Tijuana River
temporarily in south San Diego. It also urges curtailing the
export of potable water to Tijuana or limiting cross-border
activity at U.S. ports of entry during sewage-linked
emergencies that the county declares.
After nearly eight months of delays, malfunctions and
redesigns, the San Antonio de los Buenos Wastewater Treatment
Plant partially came online recently and has begun treating raw
sewage that comes from the city of Tijuana. The facility, built
near the coast about 6 miles south of the border, is still not
operating at full capacity. Mexican officials say they are
still conducting tests and going through the certification
process before the plant can be geared up to treat 18 million
gallons of raw sewage per day — its maximum
capacity. Despite going into partial service, communities
north of the border, where much of that sewage ends up, have
seen little to no relief. Beach closures in Imperial Beach and
the city of Coronado to the north, remain in effect. In
Imperial Beach, beaches have been off limits for more than
three years.
Researchers have found that pollutants in the Tijuana River,
which carries raw sewage and industrial waste from Tijuana, are
also turning up in the air along the coast near the U.S.-Mexico
border. After collecting samples from air and water along the
coast, scientists from UC San Diego determined that fine
particles of various pollutants from wastewater are in the air
in parts of San Diego County. They found that sea spray
aerosols contain illicit drugs and drug byproducts that occur
in human urine, as well as chemicals from tires and personal
care products. The researchers said the pollutants are carried
in wastewater and stormwater runoff, and become airborne in
spray where the river meets the crashing waves near the border.
Pollutants also likely enter the air from churning waters in
the river itself, they said.
Coronado’s shoreline closed over Memorial Day weekend as
wastewater from the ongoing Tijuana sewage crisis pushed
bacteria into coastal waters. … Agencies in both the US
and Mexico are working to repair the failing infrastructure
that causes the ongoing pollution. Mexico is currently in the
second phase of repairing its International Collector, which
carries Tijuana’s wastewater to treatment plants and is prone
to leaks. It is unclear if the weekend’s closures were related
to the project, although the US International Boundary and
Water Commission said ahead of the project that excess sewage
flow might arise from the project. During the project’s
first phase, Mexico diverted excess sewage into the Tijuana
River, which ultimately caused beach closures in Coronado.
… In the US, the IBWC is working to repair its own
infrastructure, the most notable of which is the South Bay
International Wastewater Treatment Plant.
Lawyers for the Sweetwater Authority water agency are demanding
that former authority board member Josie Calderon-Scott retract
claims she made recently to Voice of San Diego that the
authority knew about elevated levels of toxic industrial
chemicals in its main reservoir years before alerting the
public. But Calderon-Scott said she’s not backing down.
And she challenged the authority to produce documents that she
said would settle the issue. In a May 23 letter, lawyers
for the agency’s law firm, Best, Best & Krieger, demanded that
Calderon-Scott retract claims she made in a May 13 Voice
newsletter that the agency knew “for years it had a
PFAS [chemicals] problem in its reservoir” and
that “this problem existed for a long time before [the agency]
notified the public.” Those statements, the lawyers wrote,
“are false and untrue, are defamatory, and create alarming
confusion for residents served by the authority.”
A recent stormwater sampling effort in Eureka revealed a
troubling trend in area parking lots: Even in periods of
relatively light rain, high concentrations of salmon-killing
toxic compounds are being flushed directly into local creeks
and Humboldt Bay.The results come from a pilot project recently
conducted by Humboldt Waterkeeper. The organization collected
water samples from two Cal Poly Humboldt parking lots in Arcata
and from the Eureka Target and Costco parking lots. The water
samples were testing for a compound that has recently been
discovered to be particularly toxic to coho salmon, which are
listed under the federal Endangered Species Act. The pollutant
in question, known as 6PPD, is used in tires to help maintain
their integrity. As tires break down from normal wear and tear,
6PPD is released and reacts to ozone in the air and transforms
into a compound known as 6PPD-q.
A new study from the San Francisco Estuary Institute shows
concerning levels of “forever chemicals” — or per- and
polyfluoroalkyl substances — in at least 10 fish species in the
San Francisco Bay, with contamination levels particularly high
in the southern region. PFAS chemicals are considered dangerous
due to their near-ubiquity in food and everyday-use products,
as well as their inability to break down easily in the body and
environment. They have been linked to a variety of conditions
and diseases, including some cancers and reproductive issues.
Studies have shown elevated PFAS levels in freshwater fish, and
even though saltwater fish tend to see lower amounts, Rebecca
Sutton, managing senior scientist at the San Francisco Estuary
Institute, said studying fish in bodies of water like the San
Francisco Bay is still critical.
Across California, water utility managers, elected officials,
and state regulators are working to address a critical
challenge: funding essential water infrastructure investments
that deliver public health through the provision of reliable
water service, while minimizing customer rate impacts. To
tackle this issue, the California Water Association (CWA) has
developed the Water Affordability Framework to guide efforts in
maintaining affordability and sustainability for the six
million Californians our member utilities
serve. … Over the next 5 years, CWA members plan to
invest up to $5 billion in new water infrastructure projects,
including pipeline replacements and meter upgrades. Our members
remain committed to minimizing costs and exploring strategies
to keep water service affordable, while navigating the
financial implications of future regulations.
Contaminants known as “forever chemicals” have been discovered
in San Francisco Bay fish at levels that could pose a health
threat to people who eat fish caught there, according to new
research published today. Linked to an array of health
conditions such as cancers, heart disease and pregnancy
disorders, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances resist breaking
down in the environment. … Researchers from the San Francisco
Estuary Institute found the chemicals in striped bass,
largemouth bass, leopard shark, white croaker, white sturgeon
and other fish collected between 2009 and 2019 throughout San
Francisco Bay. Recreational and subsistence anglers catch
striped bass and the other fish from boats, shores or piers,
but they are not sold commercially.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has canceled
grant funding to university research teams studying how
“forever chemicals” contaminate soil and groundwater, including
at least $3 million for two projects specifically looking at
contamination on farms. The chemicals, collectively called PFAS
(per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), are linked to a variety
of serious health risks. Over the past several years, they have
increasingly been found in farm soils due to the use of sewage
sludge as fertilizer, causing devastation for farmers. They are
also now widely found in drinking water, in the foods Americans
eat, and in pesticides, and experts say more research is needed
to understand their impacts and find effective ways to
eliminate contamination.
The Remote Sensing of Mercury Pollution in South San Francisco
Bay project aims to create maps of multiple chemical forms—or
“species”—of mercury across time and space, giving resource
managers new tools to monitor water quality, especially after
extreme storms. By combining satellite imagery, shipboard
radiometry, and in-water sampling, researchers are building a
time series of data on mercury species, including
methylmercury, a particularly dangerous form that accumulates
in fish and other wildlife. … Understanding where and when
mercury levels spike is crucial to ecosystem health. This is
especially important as climate-driven storms and floods become
more frequent, churning up bottom sediments and releasing
previously trapped mercury into the water column.
California shouldn’t weaken hazardous waste rules to allow
local landfills to accept toxic dirt that currently goes to two
specialized disposal sites in the Central Valley and hazardous
facilities in other states, the state Board of Environmental
Safety voted Thursday. The vote went against a proposal by the
Department of Toxic Substances Control that had prompted fierce
opposition from environmental groups. … California only
has two hazardous waste landfills — Buttonwillow and Kettleman
Hills in the San Joaquin Valley — which are expected to reach
capacity by 2039, according to a report by the department. An
estimated 47% of California’s hazardous waste is trucked across
state borders. Contaminated soil, waste oil and mixed oil are
the state’s three largest annual sources of hazardous waste. On
average, more than 567,000 tons (514,373 metric tons) of toxic
soil are produced every year.
Millions of kilometres of rivers around the world are carrying
antibiotic pollution at levels high enough to promote drug
resistance and harm aquatic life, a McGill University-led study
warns. Published in PNAS Nexus, the study is the first to
estimate the scale of global river contamination from human
antibiotics use. Researchers calculated that about 8,500 tonnes
of antibiotics – nearly one-third of what people consume
annually – end up in river systems around the world each year
even after in many cases passing through wastewater systems.
… The research team used a global model validated by field
data from nearly 900 river locations. They found that
amoxicillin, the world’s most-used antibiotic, is the most
likely to be present at risky levels.
A new paper in Science of the Total Environment, co‑authored by
researchers from several USGS Mission Areas and Centers,
including the California Water Science Center, finds
fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides at every sampling site
across five Sacramento Valley wildlife refuges. Because levels
stayed high even far from crops, scientists are probing what
this means for pollinators. … Even though National
Wildlife Refuges are designed to protect biodiversity, this
study shows they are not immune to pollution. The findings
highlight the need for stronger efforts to manage pesticide
use, both inside and outside protected areas, to ensure the
health of these important ecosystems.
A nearly half-mile segment of coastline in Huntington Beach and
Newport Beach at the Talbert Channel reopened to surfers and
swimmers Monday morning after a large sewage spill caused a
weekend cessation of water activity. Orange County Health Care
Agency officials on Saturday called for the temporary closure
along beaches 1,000 feet to the north and south of the channel,
near the mouth of the Santa Ana River, to protect visitors from
potential exposure to bacteria. The spill stemmed from a
blockage discovered Friday evening in a sewer line on Costa
Mesa’s Mesa Verde Drive East, near Golf Course Drive, according
to Scott Carroll, general manager of Costa Mesa Sanitary
District.
Cities across California and the Southwest are significantly
increasing and diversifying their use of recycled wastewater as
traditional water supplies grow tighter.
The 5th edition of our Layperson’s Guide to Water Recycling
covers the latest trends and statistics on water reuse as a
strategic defense against prolonged drought and climate change.
Tiny pieces of plastic waste shed
from food wrappers, grocery bags, clothing, cigarette butts,
tires and paint are invading the environment and every facet of
daily life. Researchers know the plastic particles have even made
it into municipal water supplies, but very little data exists
about the scope of microplastic contamination in drinking
water.
After years of planning, California this year is embarking on a
first-of-its-kind data-gathering mission to illuminate how
prevalent microplastics are in the state’s largest drinking water
sources and help regulators determine whether they are a public
health threat.
A pilot program in the Salinas Valley run remotely out of Los Angeles is offering a test case for how California could provide clean drinking water for isolated rural communities plagued by contaminated groundwater that lack the financial means or expertise to connect to a larger water system.
Martha Guzman recalls those awful
days working on water and other issues as a deputy legislative
secretary for then-Gov. Jerry Brown. California was mired in a
recession and the state’s finances were deep in the red. Parks
were cut, schools were cut, programs were cut to try to balance a
troubled state budget in what she remembers as “that terrible
time.”
She now finds herself in a strikingly different position: As
administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s
Region 9, she has a mandate to address water challenges across
California, Nevada, Arizona and Hawaii and $1 billion to help pay
for it. It is the kind of funding, she said, that is usually
spread out over a decade. Guzman called it the “absolutely
greatest opportunity.”
Innovative efforts to accelerate
restoration of headwater forests and to improve a river for the
benefit of both farmers and fish. Hard-earned lessons for water
agencies from a string of devastating California wildfires.
Efforts to drought-proof a chronically water-short region of
California. And a broad debate surrounding how best to address
persistent challenges facing the Colorado River.
These were among the issues Western Water explored in
2019, and are still worth taking a look at in case you missed
them.
It’s been a year since two devastating wildfires on opposite ends
of California underscored the harsh new realities facing water
districts and cities serving communities in or adjacent to the
state’s fire-prone wildlands. Fire doesn’t just level homes, it
can contaminate water, scorch watersheds, damage delivery systems
and upend an agency’s finances.
Blasted by sun and beaten by waves,
plastic bottles and bags shed fibers and tiny flecks of
microplastic debris that litter the San Francisco Bay where they
can choke the marine life that inadvertently consumes it.
Summer is a good time to take a
break, relax and enjoy some of the great beaches, waterways and
watersheds around California and the West. We hope you’re getting
a chance to do plenty of that this July.
But in the weekly sprint through work, it’s easy to miss
some interesting nuggets you might want to read. So while we’re
taking a publishing break to work on other water articles planned
for later this year, we want to help you catch up on
Western Water stories from the first half of this year
that you might have missed.
Each day, people living on the streets and camping along waterways across California face the same struggle – finding clean drinking water and a place to wash and go to the bathroom.
Some find friendly businesses willing to help, or public restrooms and drinking water fountains. Yet for many homeless people, accessing the water and sanitation that most people take for granted remains a daily struggle.
One of California Gov. Gavin
Newsom’s first actions after taking office was to appoint Wade
Crowfoot as Natural Resources Agency secretary. Then, within
weeks, the governor laid out an ambitious water agenda that
Crowfoot, 45, is now charged with executing.
That agenda includes the governor’s desire for a “fresh approach”
on water, scaling back the conveyance plan in the Sacramento-San
Joaquin Delta and calling for more water recycling, expanded
floodplains in the Central Valley and more groundwater recharge.
Low-income Californians can get help with their phone bills, their natural gas bills and their electric bills. But there’s only limited help available when it comes to water bills.
That could change if the recommendations of a new report are implemented into law. Drafted by the State Water Resources Control Board, the report outlines the possible components of a program to assist low-income households facing rising water bills.
The growing leadership of women in water. The Colorado River’s persistent drought and efforts to sign off on a plan to avert worse shortfalls of water from the river. And in California’s Central Valley, promising solutions to vexing water resource challenges.
These were among the topics that Western Water news explored in 2018.
We’re already planning a full slate of stories for 2019. You can sign up here to be alerted when new stories are published. In the meantime, take a look at what we dove into in 2018:
Disadvantaged communities are those carrying the greatest
economic, health and environmental burdens. They include
poverty, high unemployment, higher risk of asthma and heart
disease, and often limited access to clean, affordable drinking
water.
For decades, cannabis has been grown
in California – hidden away in forested groves or surreptitiously
harvested under the glare of high-intensity indoor lamps in
suburban tract homes.
In the past 20 years, however, cannabis — known more widely as
marijuana – has been moving from being a criminal activity to
gaining legitimacy as one of the hundreds of cash crops in the
state’s $46 billion-dollar agriculture industry, first legalized
for medicinal purposes and this year for recreational use.
As we continue forging ahead in 2018
with our online version of Western Water after 40 years
as a print magazine, we turned our attention to a topic that also
got its start this year: recreational marijuana as a legal use.
State regulators, in the last few years, already had been beefing
up their workforce to tackle the glut in marijuana crops and
combat their impacts to water quality and supply for people, fish
and farming downstream. Thus, even if these impacts were perhaps
unbeknownst to the majority of Californians who approved
Proposition 64 in 2016, we thought it important to see if
anything new had evolved from a water perspective now that
marijuana was legal.
Joaquin Esquivel learned that life is
what happens when you make plans. Esquivel, who holds the public
member slot at the State Water Resources Control Board in
Sacramento, had just closed purchase on a house in Washington
D.C. with his partner when he was tapped by Gov. Jerry Brown a
year ago to fill the Board vacancy.
Esquivel, 35, had spent a decade in Washington, first in several
capacities with then Sen. Barbara Boxer, D-Calif., and then as
assistant secretary for federal water policy at the California
Natural Resources Agency. As a member of the State Water Board,
he shares with four other members the difficult task of
ensuring balance to all the uses of California’s water.
A new study could help water
agencies find solutions to the vexing challenges the homeless
face in gaining access to clean water for drinking and
sanitation.
The Santa Ana Watershed Project
Authority (SAWPA) in Southern California has embarked on a
comprehensive and collaborative effort aimed at assessing
strengths and needs as it relates to water services for people
(including the homeless) within its 2,840 square-mile area that
extends from the San Bernardino Mountains to the Orange County
coast.
Microplastics – plastic debris
measuring less than 5 millimeters – are an
increasing water quality concern. They enter waterways and
oceans as industrial microbeads from various consumer
products or larger plastic litter that degrades into small bits.
Microbeads have been used in exfoliating agents, cosmetic washes
and large-scale cleaning processes. Microplastics are used
pharmaceutically for efficient drug delivery to affected sites in
patients’ bodies and by textile companies to create artificial
fibers.
Microplastics disperse easily and widely throughout surface waters and sediments. UV
light, microbes and erosion degrade the tiny fragments, making
them even smaller and more difficult for wastewater treatment
plants to remove.
The particles, usually made of polyethylene or polypropylene
plastic, take thousands of years to biodegrade
naturally. It takes prohibitively high temperatures to
break microplastics down fully. Consequently, most water treatment plants cannot remove
them.
The health effects of consumption are currently under
investigation.
Responses
Many advocacy groups have published lists of products containing
microbeads to curb their purchase and pollution.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulates microbeads in
industrial, but not domestic, wastewater.
Federal
law required microbeads to be phased out of rinse-off
cosmetics beginning in July 2017. Dozens of states also
regulate microbeads in products. California has the strictest
limitation, prohibiting even the use of biodegradable microbeads.
Microplastics in California Water
In 2019, the San Francisco Estuary Institute published a
study estimating that 7 trillion pieces of microplastic
enter San Francisco
Bay annually from stormwater runoff, about 300
times the amount in all wastewater treatment effluent entering
the bay.
California lawmakers in 2018 passed a package of bills to raise
awareness of the risks of microplastics and microfibers in the
marine environment and drinking water. As
directed by the legislation, the State Water Resources Control
Board in 2020 adopted an official
definition of microplastics in drinking water and in 2022
developed the world’s standardized methods for testing drinking
water for microplastics.
The water board was expected by late 2023 to begin testing
for microplastics in untreated drinking water sources tapped by
30 of the state’s largest water utilities. After two years, the
testing was expected to extend to treated tap water served
to consumers. A progress report and recommendations for
policy changes or additional research are required by the end of
2025.
Contaminants exist in water supplies from both natural and
manmade sources. Even those chemicals present without human
intervention can be mobilized from introduction of certain
pollutants from both
point and nonpoint sources.
Directly detecting harmful pathogens in water can be expensive,
unreliable and incredibly complicated. Fortunately, certain
organisms are known to consistently coexist with these harmful
microbes which are substantially easier to detect and culture:
coliform bacteria. These generally non-toxic organisms are
frequently used as “indicator
species,” or organisms whose presence demonstrates a
particular feature of its surrounding environment.
Point sources release pollutants from discrete conveyances, such
as a discharge pipe, and are regulated by federal and state
agencies. The main point source dischargers are factories and
sewage treatment plants, which release treated
wastewater.
Problems with polluted stormwater and steps that can be taken to
prevent such pollution and turn what is often viewed as
“nuisance” runoff into a water resource is the focus of this
publication, Stormwater Management: Turning Runoff into a
Resource. The 16-page booklet, funded by a grant from the State
Water Resources Control Board, includes color photos and
graphics, text explaining common stormwater pollutants and
efforts to prevent stormwater runoff through land use/
planning/development – as well as tips for homeowners to reduce
their impacts on stormwater pollution.
20-minute version of the 2012 documentary The Klamath Basin: A
Restoration for the Ages. This DVD is ideal for showing at
community forums and speaking engagements to help the public
understand the complex issues related to complex water management
disputes in the Klamath River Basin. Narrated by actress Frances
Fisher.
For over a century, the Klamath River Basin along the Oregon and
California border has faced complex water management disputes. As
relayed in this 2012, 60-minute public television documentary
narrated by actress Frances Fisher, the water interests range
from the Tribes near the river, to energy producer PacifiCorp,
farmers, municipalities, commercial fishermen, environmentalists
– all bearing legitimate arguments for how to manage the water.
After years of fighting, a groundbreaking compromise may soon
settle the battles with two epic agreements that hold the promise
of peace and fish for the watershed. View an excerpt from the
documentary here.
This 25-minute documentary-style DVD, developed in partnership
with the California Department of Water Resources, provides an
excellent overview of climate change and how it is already
affecting California. The DVD also explains what scientists
anticipate in the future related to sea level rise and
precipitation/runoff changes and explores the efforts that are
underway to plan and adapt to climate.
Salt. In a small amount, it’s a gift from nature. But any doctor
will tell you, if you take in too much salt, you’ll start to have
health problems. The same negative effect is happening to land in
the Central Valley. The problem scientists call “salinity” poses
a growing threat to our food supply, our drinking water quality
and our way of life. The problem of salt buildup and potential –
but costly – solutions are highlighted in this 2008 public
television documentary narrated by comedian Paul Rodriguez.
A 20-minute version of the 2008 public television documentary
Salt of the Earth: Salinity in California’s Central Valley. This
DVD is ideal for showing at community forums and speaking
engagements to help the public understand the complex issues
surrounding the problem of salt build up in the Central Valley
potential – but costly – solutions. Narrated by comedian Paul
Rodriquez.
20-minute DVD that explains the problem with polluted stormwater,
and steps that can be taken to help prevent such pollution and
turn what is often viewed as a “nuisance” into a water resource
through various activities.
Many Californians don’t realize that when they turn on the
faucet, the water that flows out could come from a source close
to home or one hundreds of miles away. Most people take their
water for granted; not thinking about the elaborate systems and
testing that go into delivering clean, plentiful water to
households throughout the state. Where drinking water comes from,
how it’s treated, and what people can do to protect its quality
are highlighted in this 2007 PBS documentary narrated by actress
Wendie Malick.
A 30-minute version of the 2007 PBS documentary Drinking Water:
Quenching the Public Thirst. This DVD is ideal for showing at
community forums and speaking engagements to help the public
understand the complex issues surrounding the elaborate systems
and testing that go into delivering clean, plentiful water to
households throughout the state.
This beautiful 24×36-inch poster, suitable for framing, displays
the rivers, lakes and reservoirs, irrigated farmland, urban areas
and Indian reservations within the Klamath River Watershed. The
map text explains the many issues facing this vast,
15,000-square-mile watershed, including fish restoration;
agricultural water use; and wetlands. Also included are
descriptions of the separate, but linked, Klamath Basin
Restoration Agreement and the Klamath Hydroelectric Agreement,
and the next steps associated with those agreements. Development
of the map was funded by a grant from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.
The 28-page Layperson’s Guide to California
Wastewater is an in-depth, easy-to-understand publication
that provides background information on the history of wastewater
treatment and how wastewater is collected, conveyed, treated and
disposed of today. The guide also offers case studies of
different treatment plants and their treatment processes.
As part of the historic Colorado
River Delta, the Salton Sea regularly filled and dried for
thousands of years due to its elevation of 237 feet below
sea level.
The most recent version of the Salton Sea was formed in 1905 when
the Colorado River broke
through a series of dikes and flooded the seabed for two years,
creating California’s largest inland body of water. The
Salton Sea, which is saltier than the Pacific Ocean, includes 130
miles of shoreline and is larger than Lake Tahoe.
This printed issue of Western Water, based on presentations
at the November 3-4, 2010 Water Quality Conference in Ontario,
Calif., looks at constituents of emerging concerns (CECs) – what
is known, what is yet to be determined and the potential
regulatory impacts on drinking water quality.
This issue of Western Water looks at some of the issues
facing drinking water providers, such as compliance with
increasingly stringent treatment requirements, the need to
improve source water quality and the mission of continually
informing consumers about the quality of water they receive.
This issue of Western Water examines PPCPs – what they are, where
they come from and whether the potential exists for them to
become a water quality problem. With the continued emphasis on
water quality and the fact that many water systems in the West
are characterized by flows dominated by effluent contributions,
PPCPs seem likely to capture interest for the foreseeable future.
This issue of Western Water examines the presence of mercury in
the environment and the challenge of limiting the threat posed to
human health and wildlife. In addition to outlining the extent of
the problem and its resistance to conventional pollution
remedies, the article presents a glimpse of some possible courses
of action for what promises to be a long-term problem.
This issue of Western Water examines the problem of perchlorate
contamination and its ramifications on all facets of water
delivery, from the extensive cleanup costs to the search for
alternative water supplies. In addition to discussing the threat
posed by high levels of perchlorate in drinking water, the
article presents examples of areas hard hit by contamination and
analyzes the potential impacts of forthcoming drinking water
standards for perchlorate.
2002 marks the 30th anniversary of one of the most significant
environmental laws in American history, the Clean Water Act
(CWA). The CWA has had remarkable success, reversing years of
neglect and outright abuse of the nation’s waters. But challenges
remain as attention turns to the thorny issue of cleaning up
nonpoint sources of pollution.
