California’s two primary salmon species, Coho and Chinook, have
experienced significant declines from historical populations.
Of particular importance is the Chinook salmon because the
species supports commercial fishing and related jobs and economic
activities at fish hatcheries.
The decline in salmon numbers is attributed to a variety of
manmade and natural factors including drought, habitat
destruction, water diversions, migratory obstacles created by
local, state and federal water projects, over-fishing,
unfavorable ocean conditions, pollution and introduced predator
species. Wetlands have also been drained and diked; dams have
blocked salmon from reaching historic spawning grounds.
Years of declining populations represent a significant economic
loss and have led to federally mandated salmon restoration plans
that complicate water diversions and conveyance for agriculture
and other uses.
In a move environmentalists are hailing as an important victory
for Chinook salmon conservation, the federal government has
agreed to decide this year whether the fish warrants federal
protections. By Nov. 3, the National Marine Fisheries Service
must decide whether so-called Oregon Coast and Southern Oregon
and Northern California Coastal varieties of Chinook salmon
warrant protections under the Endangered Species Act. By Jan. 2
of next year, feds must do the same for Washington Coast
spring-run Chinook salmon, according to a settlement agreement
from Thursday. The Center for Biological Diversity — joined by
the Native Fish Society, Umpqua Watersheds, and Pacific Rivers
— in February sued the service and two top officials after the
service failed to issue 12-month findings on the groups’
petitions to list the fish.
Dams and barriers placed on Alameda Creek have prevented
migratory fish from entering their native spawning grounds for
more than 50 years, but an $80 million effort to raze the last
significant obstacles and restore trout, salmon and other fish
to their historical habitat are now underway. A PG&E gas
pipeline is the last major barrier to restoring 20 miles of
upstream spawning habitat for Chinook salmon and steelhead
trout and will be relocated and buried by a coalition that
includes the Alameda County Water District, PG&E and the
San Francisco-based nonprofit California Trout. … The
plan is to remove the concrete barrier and move the gas
pipeline 100 feet downstream and bury it 20 feet underground to
reopen the creek for migratory fish, according to California
Trout senior project manager Claire Buchanan. Construction
will need to move quickly in order to return the creek to its
natural flow by Oct. 31, ahead of the fish migration season,
Buchanan said.
A vitamin deficiency likely killed as many as
half of newly hatched fry of endangered winter-run Chinook
salmon in the Sacramento River in 2020 and 2021. These new
findings were published in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. The deficiency of
thiamine, or Vitamin B1, is linked to
large-scale shifts in the ocean ecosystem. These shifts changed
the prey adult salmon consume before they return to West Coast
rivers to spawn, scientists reported. They said the longtime
loss of habitat and water has already weakened many California
salmon populations. Further declines from thiamine deficiency
or other impacts may lead to their extinction. The deficiency
syndrome can also affect salmon runs like the Central Valley’s
fall-run that once supported valuable commercial fisheries
across California. They have since dwindled to the point that
commercial ocean salmon fishing in California has been closed
for the last 3 years. … Anchovy manufacture an enzyme
called thiaminase that breaks down thiamine and can, in turn,
affect salmon that eat large amounts of the small fish.
The first recreational salmon season in California in three
years made such a big splash on its opening weekend that the
next three dates have been canceled. More than 9,000
Chinook salmon were taken statewide by 10,505 sport anglers
during the season opener on June 7 and 8, exceeding the harvest
limit of 7,000 fish for the summer season. As a result, the
remaining summer dates on July 5-6, July 31 through Aug. 3 and
Aug. 25 through 31 have been closed, the National Marine
Fisheries Service announced Monday. The opening weekend offered
“some of the best fishing many longtime anglers can remember,”
said California Department of Fish and Wildlife in a media
release. “We’ve seen so many pictures and heard many stories of
people enjoying their time on the water with family and
friends,” said director Charlton H. Bonham. “By all accounts,
the weekend was a huge success.”
California’s June 7-8 Ocean salmon season offered some of the
best fishing many longtime anglers can remember. Fast action,
quick limits and bustling harbors characterized the weekend
along much of the coast with a hot salmon bite reported as far
south as San Luis Obispo County. Excellent ocean conditions
from Crescent City all the way down to Avila Beach allowed
anglers to get out both days and try to catch the iconic sport
fish in ocean waters for the first time since 2022. … The
California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) estimates
9,165 Chinook salmon were taken statewide by 10,505 anglers
aboard both charter vessels and private skiffs, achieving the
summer fishery harvest guideline of 7,000 Chinook. On
recommendation from CDFW and industry, the National Marine
Fisheries Service took in-season action today to close the
remaining summer dates of July 5-6, July 31-August 3, and
August 25-31.
Last August, Northwest salmon caught a break when four dams on
the Klamath River, which flows from mountain country in
southwest Oregon through northern California to the Pacific
Ocean, were demolished. But it was a limited break. The goal of
that $500 million project, possibly the largest of its kind in
American history, remains unreached, and serious effort still
is needed to fulfill it. A fully free-flowing Klamath River may
be beyond us for a while, but certain half-measures could
help. Hanging over it is the shadow of the decision this
month by the Trump administration to abandon a regional
agreement involving breach of the four lower Snake River dams
in Washington state, also partly for fish run purposes.
… Some news stories at the time proclaiming the return
of a free run of the Klamath River spoke too optimistically. In
Oregon, much of the upper river is blocked by the last two
dams, the Keno, west of Klamath Falls and near the same-named
unincorporated community, and the Link River, which impounds
and partly creates Upper Klamath Lake.
California Trout (CalTrout) and Pacific Gas & Electric
(PG&E) kicked off construction today on a project that will
remove the last unnatural barrier to fish passage on mainstem
Alameda Creek, the largest local tributary to the San Francisco
Bay. … This project will open more than 20 miles of stream
including quality spawning habitat in the upper watershed to
Chinook salmon and steelhead with completion anticipated in
winter 2025. … In 2022 and 2023, former barriers at the BART
weir and inflatable bladder dams in Fremont, eight to ten miles
upstream of where Alameda Creek enters the Bay, were made
passable for fish due to newly constructed fish ladders by the
Alameda County Water District and after years of advocacy by
the Alameda Creek Alliance. The newly constructed fish ladders
enabled Chinook salmon and steelhead to migrate through the
lower creek into Niles Canyon and access parts of the upper
Alameda Creek watershed for the first time in over fifty years.
Soon, these fish will be able to consistently swim even further
upstream.
Earlier this month, Fresno welcomed 448 members of the
Salmonidae family to town. … The 448 adult salmon
represent a milestone for the San Joaquin River Restoration
Program, marking the highest number of captured returns since
spring-run juveniles were reintroduced to the river system in
2014 following the 2008 legal settlement that modified the
operations of Friant Dam to provide minimum flows for native
fish. … Most of this year’s bumper crop were trapped in fyke
nets placed downstream of the Eastside Bypass Control Structure
in Merced County. (Some made their way upstream to Sack Dam
until being captured.) After being placed into tanks with
oxygenated, temperature-controlled water, the salmon were
trucked 120 miles then examined and measured before being
released back into the river in northwest Fresno. … What
measures are taken to ensure nearly 450 adult salmon residing
on the outskirts of a city of 547,000 people remain undisturbed
until they can reproduce? The short answer is enforcement and
education. –Written by Fresno Bee columnist Marek Warszawski.
President Donald Trump on Thursday pulled the U.S. out of an
agreement with Washington, Oregon and four American Indian
tribes to work together to restore salmon populations and boost
tribal clean energy development in the Pacific Northwest,
deriding the plan as “radical environmentalism” that could have
resulted in the breaching of four controversial dams on the
Snake River. The deal, known as the Resilient Columbia Basin
Agreement, was reached in late 2023 and heralded by the Biden
administration, tribes and conservationists as historic. It
allowed for a pause in decades of litigation over the harm the
federal government’s operation of dams in the Northwest has
done to the fish. Under it, the federal government said it
planned to spend more than $1 billion over a decade to help
recover depleted salmon runs. The government also said
that it would build enough new clean energy projects in the
Pacific Northwest to replace the hydropower generated by the
Lower Snake River dams … should Congress ever agree to remove
them.
The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) is
working to crack down on illegal caviar trafficking during
fisheries closures, announcing recently that it seized more
than 150 pounds of packaged salmon roe. The amount suggests
about 75 salmon were illegally taken. Officers with the CDFW’s
special operations unit and Delta Bay enhanced enforcement
program were monitoring for illegal fishing activity along
Sacramento Bay when a Dungeness crab trafficking investigation
led to the discovery that the suspect was also involved in
salmon poaching, according to the state agency. “Evidence
revealed a conspiracy to illegally harvest and process salmon
roe for black market distribution,” CDFW said in a press
release. Meanwhile, another investigation into sturgeon
poaching led to two individuals being arrested and formally
charged with taking an endangered or threatened species.
Last year, after the historic removal of four dams on the
Klamath River, thousands of salmon rushed
upstream into the long-blocked waters along the
California-Oregon border, seeking out the cold, plentiful flows
considered crucial to the fish’s future. The return of salmon
to their ancestral home was a fundamental goal of dam removal
and a measure of the project’s success. However, a problem
emerged. The returning salmon only got so far. Eight miles
upriver from the former dam sites lies a still-existing dam,
the 41-foot-tall Keno Dam in southern Oregon. The dam has a
fish ladder that’s supposed to help with fish passage, but it
didn’t prove to work. While many proponents of dam removal
say they’re thrilled with just how far the salmon got, most of
the 420 miles of waterways that salmon couldn’t reach before
the dam demolition still appear largely unreachable.
In California’s water wars, fishermen and farmers have long
been enemies. But now that federal and state regulators have
closed the salmon commercial fishing season for an
unprecedented third year in a row to protect declining
populations, at least one major commercial fishing group is
shifting its alliances. The Pacific Coast Federation of
Fishermen’s Associations teamed up with farmers for a
first-ever joint Washington, D.C., lobbying trip in early May.
They met with members of Congress and federal officials to ask
for more money for salmon hatcheries, which breed, raise and
release young fish. … For the Fishermen’s Associations, which
have sued for decades to keep water in California’s rivers for
fish instead of being diverted to farmers, the trip is part of
a larger pivot amid growing desperation as high temperatures
and low water levels kill their business.
Every year, boating enthusiasts across the Southwest hitch
watercraft to their vehicles and haul them down to Lake Mead,
a Colorado River reservoir straddling Arizona and
Nevada. This year, though, they’ll have to contend with
dramatically low water levels. According to the U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation, the reservoir’s 2025 elevation is the third lowest
it’s seen in a decade, and the Colorado’s
meager snowpack isn’t expected to help
matters. In response, the National Park Service is taking
steps to ensure that visitors can still recreate on the lake
this summer and beyond. But the future remains uncertain for
the country’s largest reservoir. … With reduced
supply, Lake Mead’s elevation is dwindling. At the end of May,
the reservoir sat at just 1,057 feet above sea level, according
to the Bureau of Reclamation. That’s 5 feet lower than the end
of April, which was another 4 feet lower than in March.
The Yurok Tribe, California’s largest federally recognized
tribal nation, was given 73 square miles of land — or
47,097 acres — along the eastern side of the lower Klamath
River on Thursday. The land exchange is being called the
largest single “land back” deal in California history. … The
73 square miles of land is now owned and managed by
the Yurok Tribe as the Blue Creek Salmon Sanctuary and
Yurok Tribal Community Forest. … These lands — comprising
forests, river corridors, and prairies — support essential
habitat for many imperiled species, including coho and Chinook
salmon, marbled murrelets, northern spotted owls, and Humboldt
martens. In the face of climate change, Blue Creek remains a
crucial cold-water refuge for salmon, steelhead, and other
native fish.
A power outage caused by a vehicle collision, combined with a
backup system failure, has resulted in a massive fish die-off
at the Fish Springs Trout Hatchery near Big Pine. Both the
California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) and the Los
Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) have confirmed
details of the May 20 incident, which could impact
recreational fish stocking across the Eastern Sierra
for the next two seasons. The hatchery—operated by CDFW—lost
electricity after a vehicle struck a power pole in the Owens
Valley. … While Fish Springs is equipped with diesel
backup motors designed to continue pumping water during
outages, a software malfunction rendered the motors inoperable
at the time. … CDFW estimates that between 75 to 80
percent of the hatchery’s fish stock—ranging from eggs and
fingerlings to catchable-size trout—was lost during the outage.
The hatchery raises rainbow trout, brown trout, and Lahontan
cutthroat trout, which are vital to recreational fishing in
Inyo and Mono County waters.
After a two-year shutdown, fishing boats will fan out along the
California coast angling for Chinook salmon this weekend as
recreational fishing resumes under strict limits. Coastal
salmon fishing was banned in 2023 and 2024 in an effort to help
the population recover after years of declines. … The
California Department of Fish and Wildlife is limiting ocean
fishing under quotas in two windows in the summer and fall. The
first is set to open Saturday-Sunday and allow for up to 7,000
salmon to be caught statewide. … Biologists say salmon
populations have declined because of a combination of factors
including dams, which have blocked off spawning areas, the loss
of vital floodplain habitats, and global warming, which is
intensifying droughts and causing warmer temperatures in
rivers. … Those who work in fishing also blame California’s
water managers and policies, saying too much water has been
pumped to farms and cities, depriving rivers of sufficient cold
water at the times salmon need it.
U.S. President Donald Trump has proposed eliminating funding
for the Pacific Coastal Salmon Recovery Fund – a program that
directs tens of millions of dollars annually toward supporting
salmon populations along the West Coast. The cut is part of the
Trump administration’s planned cuts to NOAA; preliminary fiscal
year 2026 budget documents outlined a USD 1.3 billion (EUR 1.1
billion) reduction to NOAA’s overall budget. Now, additional
budget documentation released by the federal government shows
which programs will be impacted by that cut, and salmon
recovery efforts are one of the major government programs on
the chopping block. For fiscal year 2026, the Trump
administration is proposing zero funding for the Pacific Coast
Salmon Recovery Fund, a program established in 2000 to help
restore Pacific salmon populations in California,
Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Alaska.
… California was forced to cancel its commercial salmon
season for the third year in a row this year, while northward
fisheries continue to suffer from low abundance.
… A roughly $100 million project shared by Yuba Water Agency,
the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and the National
Marine Fisheries Service aims to address declining salmon
populations and improve conditions for all species inhabiting
the river. But anglers who fish the river fear what could
happen to their vaunted trout fishery once its gate opens.
… What officials have called a “nature-like fishway”
stands as the center piece of the Yuba River Resilience
Initiative, with its two-year construction slated to begin in
2026. The designed waterway would effectively act as a channel
bypassing Daguerre Point Dam, allowing more fish species to
pass up and down the river. … The fishway would clear a
path for virtually all fish species to move past the dam. But
stakeholders disagree about the consequences of that free
passage into salmon and trout habitat currently protected from
predators.
A Placer County man is going to jail after the California
Department of Fish and Wildlife busted an illegal fish selling
operation. According to the CDFW, their Delta Bay Enhanced
Enforcement Program and Special Operations Unit investigated a
conspiracy to sell Pacific lamprey, leading to the arrest of
Justin D. Lewis. Lewis sourced Pacific lamprey, a California
state species of special concern, from the Klamath River in Del
Norte County and resold the fish to sellers across Colusa
County and beyond. The CDFW said lamprey are often used as bait
for sturgeon and other fish, but also are valued highly by the
Yurok tribe in Del Norte County as a food source and cultural
emblem. Lewis was sentenced on May 21 to two years — one
in the Colusa County Jail, and another on supervised release.
He also must pay more than $20,000 in fines and his fishing
privileges are suspended.
Recent cuts to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) have conservationists and scientists
worried about anadromous fish populations in the Pacific
Northwest. Like other federal agencies, NOAA is undergoing
major downsizing. The shrinkage is already disrupting habitat
restoration work for salmon and steelhead in California. And if
additional budget cuts that are currently in the works come to
fruition, the agency’s fisheries division could be eliminated
entirely, a recently retired NOAA scientist tells Field &
Stream. … When it comes to salmon and steelhead,
(fluvial geomorphologist Brian) Cluer worries most about
the potential loss of dam-removal projects in the Pacific
Northwest. NOAA played a pivotal role in the removal of four
dams on California’s Klamath River in 2023 and 2024, Cluer
says.
The Delta is an “ecosystem in crisis,” with state and federal
water policies doing great harm to chinook salmon and steelhead
populations, seven environmental groups and a Native American
tribe allege in a letter to the State Water Resources Control
Board. Two of the state’s top water delivery systems, the
Central Valley Project and the State Water Project, are
“exacerbating conditions for endangered species at high risk of
extinction in the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary” that violate
maximum fish take rates under the Endangered Species Act, the
May 16 letter states. The groups and tribe allege that the
State Water Project exceeded the annual loss limit for hatchery
winter-run chinook salmon. And they blame the U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation for water releases that are killing more salmon and
steelhead than their permits allow.
A recent stormwater sampling effort in Eureka revealed a
troubling trend in area parking lots: Even in periods of
relatively light rain, high concentrations of salmon-killing
toxic compounds are being flushed directly into local creeks
and Humboldt Bay.The results come from a pilot project recently
conducted by Humboldt Waterkeeper. The organization collected
water samples from two Cal Poly Humboldt parking lots in Arcata
and from the Eureka Target and Costco parking lots. The water
samples were testing for a compound that has recently been
discovered to be particularly toxic to coho salmon, which are
listed under the federal Endangered Species Act. The pollutant
in question, known as 6PPD, is used in tires to help maintain
their integrity. As tires break down from normal wear and tear,
6PPD is released and reacts to ozone in the air and transforms
into a compound known as 6PPD-q.
… For over a decade, a narrow faction within the State Water
Resources Control Board (SWRCB) has pursued a misguided attempt
to take as much as half of Lake McClure’s water and send it to
the Pacific Ocean. This effort, buried in the Bay-Delta Water
Quality Control Plan, is based on the hope of improving salmon
populations by a few hundred fish — with no credible guarantee
of success, and at a staggering cost – up to $672 million in
lost local economic activity and $167 million in local labor
income. … In contrast, MID has voluntarily restored
spawning and rearing habitat along the Merced, and we’ve
offered to provide new, real water – even in dry years – as
part of a durable solution. That solution is the Healthy Rivers
and Landscapes Voluntary Agreement (HRL). This comprehensive
approach, championed by the Newsom Administration, offers a
better path. It brings together local, state, and federal
partners to invest in habitat, flows, and long-term ecological
health – not just regulatory mandates. –Written by Stephanie Dietz, director on the Merced
Irrigation District Board.
A few years ago, scientists started identifying a potentially
major culprit in the dramatic decline of the coho salmon
fishery — a chemical known as “6PPD-quinone,” a byproduct of a
chemical used in automotive tires. Throughout the course of
their life, tires deposit the precursor of this chemical
everywhere they travel. This precursor degrades into 6PPD-q and
enters the water system, killing coho in particular — a
protected species under the Endangered Species Act — with great
efficiency. Now, a new study from Humboldt Waterkeeper,
conducted in Eureka and Arcata throughout the last few months,
shows that you don’t need a huge, dense car population to
generate potentially lethal concentrations of 6PPD-q — regular
old parking lots seem to do it just fine. … The
study comes at a time when the California Assembly is
considering legislation — Assembly Bill 1313 — that would
require owners of large parking lots to acquire
stormwater discharge permits and mitigate
their runoff.
Memorial Day weekend guests at Whiskeytown National Recreation
Area should be on alert for fast moving, deep and very cold
water, the park’s rangers cautioned. The Bureau of
Reclamationis releasing more water through Whiskeytown Dam and
into the park through June 24, boosting water levels. Expect
highest flows this week, peaking Thursday, according to an
announcement issued by the park. … Increasing the amount
of water flowing into Clear Creek and the Trinity River will
benefit fish species, including salmon, by
mimicking natural springtime runoff. These fish need a lot of
water, “particularly cold water if you are (a) Chinook salmon,”
the park said. Sacramento River spring-run Chinook live in
Clear Creek, and are under federal protection.
Limited Chinook salmon fishing on sections of the Mokelumne,
Feather and American rivers is being reopened for the first
time in two years, the California Department of Fish and
Wildlife announced Tuesday. … The Department of Fish and
Wildlife says salmon stocks throughout the state have been
harmed by multiyear droughts, causing
inadequate spawning and migration conditions, ocean forage
shifts and thiamine deficiencies. Thiamine, also called Vitamin
B1, is an essential nutrient for salmon and their reproduction.
Scientists have theorized that anchovies, which are often prey
for salmon, produce the thiaminase enzyme that breaks down
thiamine. It’s believed warmer climates have caused anchovy
populations to shift to ocean areas where river salmon go to
grow and find food before returning to their rivers to spawn.
Explore the Sacramento River and its tributaries through a scenic landscape while learning about the issues associated with a key source for the state’s water supply.
All together, the river and its tributaries supply 35 percent of California’s water and feed into two major projects: the State Water Project and the federal Central Valley Project.
Water Education Foundation
2151 River Plaza Drive, Suite 205
Sacramento, CA 95833
The California Department of Fish and Wildlife recommended
Alternative 3 – Salmon Closure during the final days of the
Pacific Fisheries Management Council (PFMC) meeting mirroring
the opinions of commercial and recreational charter boat
anglers. The department’s position is a significant change from
early March. The PFMC meetings are being held in Seattle from
April 6 to 11, and the final recommendations of the council
will be forwarded to the California Fish and Game Commission in
May.
Partners have pulled together to support the recovery of
endangered Sacramento winter-run Chinook salmon in the last few
years. However, the species still faces threats from climate
change and other factors. That is the conclusion of an
Endangered Species Act review that NOAA Fisheries completed for
the native California species. It once returned in great
numbers to the tributaries of the Sacramento River and
supported local tribes. The review concluded that the species
remains endangered, and identified key recovery actions to help
the species survive climate change. While partners have taken
steps to protect winter-run Chinook salmon, blocked habitat,
altered flows, and higher temperatures continue to threaten
their survival.
…Tuesday, the State Water Resources Control Board took
action to protect the salmon,
unanimously extending the region’s
expired emergency drought measures. Ground and surface
water for farms will be restricted for another year if flows in
the Shasta and Scott rivers dip below minimum thresholds. State
officials say these measures are likely to kick in next
year. Water board chair Joaquin Esquivel said action
is needed because “a fish emergency” remains on the rivers.
“Time isn’t our friend,” he said at a previous meeting in
August. “There is an urgency.” The water board also
is investigating the possibility of permanent requirements to
keep more water in the rivers, after the Karuk Tribe and the
fishing industry petitioned the state for stronger protections.
That decision, however, could take years.
This tour explored the Sacramento River and its tributaries through a scenic landscape while learning about the issues associated with a key source for the state’s water supply.
All together, the river and its tributaries supply 35 percent of California’s water and feed into two major projects: the State Water Project and the federal Central Valley Project.
Water Education Foundation
2151 River Plaza Drive, Suite 205
Sacramento, CA 95833
The Klamath River Basin was once one
of the world’s most ecologically magnificent regions, a watershed
teeming with salmon, migratory birds and wildlife that thrived
alongside Native American communities. The river flowed rapidly
from its headwaters in southern Oregon’s high deserts into Upper
Klamath Lake, collected snowmelt along a narrow gorge through the
Cascades, then raced downhill to the California coast in a misty,
redwood-lined finish.
This tour explored the Sacramento River and its tributaries through a scenic landscape while learning about the issues associated with a key source for the state’s water supply.
All together, the river and its tributaries supply 35 percent of California’s water and feed into two major projects: the State Water Project and the federal Central Valley Project.
Water Education Foundation
2151 River Plaza Drive, Suite 205
Sacramento, CA 95833
This tour explored the Sacramento River and its tributaries
through a scenic landscape while learning about the issues
associated with a key source for the state’s water supply.
All together, the river and its tributaries supply 35 percent of
California’s water and feed into two major projects: the State
Water Project and the federal Central Valley Project.
Water Education Foundation
2151 River Plaza Drive, Suite 205
Sacramento, CA 95833
This tour ventured through California’s Central Valley, known as the nation’s breadbasket thanks to an imported supply of surface water and local groundwater. Covering about 20,000 square miles through the heart of the state, the valley provides 25 percent of the nation’s food, including 40 percent of all fruits, nuts and vegetables consumed throughout the country.
Land and waterway managers labored
hard over the course of a century to control California’s unruly
rivers by building dams and levees to slow and contain their
water. Now, farmers, environmentalists and agencies are undoing
some of that work as part of an accelerating campaign to restore
the state’s major floodplains.
Biologists have designed a variety
of unique experiments in the past decade to demonstrate the
benefits that floodplains provide for small fish. Tracking
studies have used acoustic tags to show that chinook salmon
smolts with access to inundated fields are more likely than their
river-bound cohorts to reach the Pacific Ocean. This is because
the richness of floodplains offers a vital buffet of nourishment
on which young salmon can capitalize, supercharging their growth
and leading to bigger, stronger smolts.
This tour guided participants on a virtual exploration of the Sacramento River and its tributaries and learn about the issues associated with a key source for the state’s water supply.
All together, the river and its tributaries supply 35 percent of California’s water and feed into two major projects: the State Water Project and the federal Central Valley Project.
One of California Gov. Gavin
Newsom’s first actions after taking office was to appoint Wade
Crowfoot as Natural Resources Agency secretary. Then, within
weeks, the governor laid out an ambitious water agenda that
Crowfoot, 45, is now charged with executing.
That agenda includes the governor’s desire for a “fresh approach”
on water, scaling back the conveyance plan in the Sacramento-San
Joaquin Delta and calling for more water recycling, expanded
floodplains in the Central Valley and more groundwater recharge.
The growing leadership of women in water. The Colorado River’s persistent drought and efforts to sign off on a plan to avert worse shortfalls of water from the river. And in California’s Central Valley, promising solutions to vexing water resource challenges.
These were among the topics that Western Water news explored in 2018.
We’re already planning a full slate of stories for 2019. You can sign up here to be alerted when new stories are published. In the meantime, take a look at what we dove into in 2018:
In 1983, a landmark California Supreme Court ruling extended the public trust doctrine to tributary creeks that feed Mono Lake, which is a navigable water body even though the creeks themselves were not. The ruling marked a dramatic shift in water law and forced Los Angeles to cut back its take of water from those creeks in the Eastern Sierra to preserve the lake.
Now, a state appellate court has for the first time extended that same public trust doctrine to groundwater that feeds a navigable river, in this case the Scott River flowing through a picturesque valley of farms and alfalfa in Siskiyou County in the northern reaches of California.
This tour explored the Sacramento River and its tributaries
through a scenic landscape as participants learned about the
issues associated with a key source for the state’s water supply.
All together, the river and its tributaries supply 35 percent of
California’s water and feed into two major projects: the State
Water Project and the federal Central Valley Project. Tour
participants got an on-site update of Oroville Dam spillway
repairs.
An hour’s drive north of Sacramento sits a picture-perfect valley hugging the eastern foothills of Northern California’s Coast Range, with golden hills framing grasslands mostly used for cattle grazing.
Back in the late 1800s, pioneer John Sites built his ranch there and a small township, now gone, bore his name. Today, the community of a handful of families and ranchers still maintains a proud heritage.
Farmers in the Central Valley are broiling about California’s plan to increase flows in the Sacramento and San Joaquin river systems to help struggling salmon runs avoid extinction. But in one corner of the fertile breadbasket, River Garden Farms is taking part in some extraordinary efforts to provide the embattled fish with refuge from predators and enough food to eat.
And while there is no direct benefit to one farm’s voluntary actions, the belief is what’s good for the fish is good for the farmers.
This tour explored the Sacramento River and its tributaries
through a scenic landscape as participants learned about the
issues associated with a key source for the state’s water supply.
All together, the river and its tributaries supply 35 percent of
California’s water and feed into two major projects: the State
Water Project and the federal Central Valley Project. Tour
participants got an on-site update of repair efforts on the
Oroville Dam spillway.
Before dams were built on the upper
Sacramento River, flood water regularly carried woody debris that
was an important part of the aquatic habitat.
Deprived of this refuge, salmon in the lower parts of the upper
Sacramento River have had a difficult time surviving and making
it down the river and out to the ocean. Seeing this, a group of
people, including water users, decided to lend a hand with an
unprecedented pilot project that saw massive walnut tree trunks
affixed to 12,000-pound boulders and deposited into the deepest
part of the Sacramento River near Redding to provide shelter for
young salmon and steelhead migrating downstream.
Protecting and restoring California’s populations of threatened
and endangered Chinook salmon and steelhead trout have been a big
part of the state’s water management picture for more than 20
years. Significant resources have been dedicated to helping the
various runs of the iconic fish, with successes and setbacks. In
a landscape dramatically altered from its natural setting,
finding a balance between the competing demands for water is
challenging.
Butte Creek, a tributary of the
Sacramento River, begins less than 50 miles northeast of Chico,
California and is named after nearby volcanic plateaus or
“buttes.” The cold, clear waters of the 93-mile creek sustain the
largest naturally spawning wild population of spring-run chinook salmon in the Central Valley.
Several other native fish species are found in Butte Creek,
including Pacific lamprey and Sacramento pikeminnow.
20-minute version of the 2012 documentary The Klamath Basin: A
Restoration for the Ages. This DVD is ideal for showing at
community forums and speaking engagements to help the public
understand the complex issues related to complex water management
disputes in the Klamath River Basin. Narrated by actress Frances
Fisher.
For over a century, the Klamath River Basin along the Oregon and
California border has faced complex water management disputes. As
relayed in this 2012, 60-minute public television documentary
narrated by actress Frances Fisher, the water interests range
from the Tribes near the river, to energy producer PacifiCorp,
farmers, municipalities, commercial fishermen, environmentalists
– all bearing legitimate arguments for how to manage the water.
After years of fighting, a groundbreaking compromise may soon
settle the battles with two epic agreements that hold the promise
of peace and fish for the watershed. View an excerpt from the
documentary here.
This 30-minute documentary-style DVD on the history and current
state of the San Joaquin River Restoration Program includes an
overview of the geography and history of the river, historical
and current water delivery and uses, the genesis and timeline of
the 1988 lawsuit, how the settlement was reached and what was
agreed to.
This 25-minute documentary-style DVD, developed in partnership
with the California Department of Water Resources, provides an
excellent overview of climate change and how it is already
affecting California. The DVD also explains what scientists
anticipate in the future related to sea level rise and
precipitation/runoff changes and explores the efforts that are
underway to plan and adapt to climate.
This beautiful 24×36 inch poster, suitable for framing, features
a map of the San Joaquin River. The map text focuses on the San
Joaquin River Restoration Program, which aims to restore flows
and populations of Chinook salmon to the river below Friant Dam
to its confluence with the Merced River. The text discusses the
history of the program, its goals and ongoing challenges with
implementation.
This beautiful 24×36-inch poster, suitable for framing, displays
the rivers, lakes and reservoirs, irrigated farmland, urban areas
and Indian reservations within the Truckee River Basin, including
the Newlands Project, Pyramid Lake and Lake Tahoe. Map text
explains the issues surrounding the use of the Truckee-Carson
rivers, Lake Tahoe water quality improvement efforts, fishery
restoration and the effort to reach compromise solutions to many
of these issues.
The 24-page Layperson’s Guide to the State Water Project provides
an overview of the California-funded and constructed State Water
Project.
The State Water Project is best known for the 444-mile-long
aqueduct that provides water from the Delta to San Joaquin Valley
agriculture and southern California cities. The guide contains
information about the project’s history and facilities.
The Water Education Foundation’s second edition of
the Layperson’s Guide to The Klamath River Basin is
hot off the press and available for purchase.
Updated and redesigned, the easy-to-read overview covers the
history of the region’s tribal, agricultural and environmental
relationships with one of the West’s largest rivers — and a
vast watershed that hosts one of the nation’s oldest and
largest reclamation projects.
The 24-page Layperson’s Guide to Flood Management explains the
physical flood control system, including levees; discusses
previous flood events (including the 1997 flooding); explores
issues of floodplain management and development; provides an
overview of flood forecasting; and outlines ongoing flood control
projects.
The 24-page Layperson’s Guide to California Water provides an
excellent overview of the history of water development and use in
California. It includes sections on flood management; the state,
federal and Colorado River delivery systems; Delta issues; water
rights; environmental issues; water quality; and options for
stretching the water supply such as water marketing and
conjunctive use. New in this 10th edition of the guide is a
section on the human need for water.
The 24-page Layperson’s Guide to the Central Valley Project
explores the history and development of the federal Central
Valley Project (CVP), California’s largest surface water delivery
system. In addition to the project’s history, the guide describes
the various facilities, operations and benefits the water
project brings to the state along with the CVP
Improvement Act (CVPIA).
The 24-page Layperson’s Guide to the Delta explores the competing
uses and demands on California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.
Included in the guide are sections on the history of the Delta,
its role in the state’s water system, and its many complex issues
with sections on water quality, levees, salinity and agricultural
drainage, fish and wildlife, and water distribution.
The Red Bluff Diversion Dam, its gates raised since 2011 to allow
fish passage, spans the Sacramento River two miles
southeast of Red Bluff on the Sacramento River in Tehama County.
It is owned by the Bureau of Reclamation and operated and
maintained by the Tehama-Colusa Canal Authority.
Pelagic fish are those that live near the water’s surface rather
than on the bottom. In California, pelagic fish species include
the Delta smelt, longfin
smelt, striped bass and salmon.
In California, the fate of pelagic fish has been closely tied to
the use of the water that supports them.
The Klamath River Basin is one of the West’s most important and
contentious watersheds.
The watershed is known for its unusual geography straddling
California and Oregon. Unlike many western rivers, the
Klamath does not originate in snowcapped mountains but rather on
a volcanic plateau.
A broad patchwork of spring-fed streams and rivers in
south-central Oregon drains into Upper Klamath Lake and down into
Lake Ewauna in the city of Klamath Falls. The outflow from Ewauna
marks the beginning of the 263-mile Klamath River.
The Klamath courses south through the steep Cascade Range and
west along the rugged Siskiyou Mountains to a redwood-lined
estuary on the Pacific Ocean just south of Crescent City,
draining a watershed of 10 million acres.
A bounty of resources – water, salmon, timber and minerals – and
a wide range of users turned the remote region into a hotspot for
economic development and multiparty water disputes (See
Klamath River
timeline).
Though the basin has only 115,000 residents, there is seldom
enough water to go around. Droughts are common. The water
scarcity inflames tensions between agricultural,
environmental and tribal interests, namely the basin’s four major
tribes: the Klamath Tribes, the Karuk, Hoopa Valley and Yurok.
Klamath water-use conflicts routinely spill into courtrooms,
state legislatures and Congress.
In 2023, a historic removal of four powers dams on the river
began, signaling hope for restoration of the river and its fish
and easing tensions between competing water interests. In
February 2024, Interior Secretary Deb Haaland
announced a “historic” agreement between tribes and farmers
in the basin over chronic water shortages. The deal
called for a wide range of river and creek restoration work and
modernization of agricultural water supply infrastructure.
Water Development
Farmers and ranchers have drawn irrigation water from basin
rivers and lakes since the late 1900s. Vast wetlands around
Upper Klamath Lake and upstream were drained to grow crops. Some
wetlands have been restored, primarily for migratory birds.
In 1905, the federal government authorized construction of the
Klamath Project, a network of irrigation canals, storage
reservoirs and hydroelectric dams to grow an agricultural
economy in the mostly dry Upper Basin. The Project managed by the
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation irrigates about 240,000 acres and
supplies the Lower Klamath Lake and Tule Lake national wildlife
refuges managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Water Management
Since 1992, federal mandates to restore populations of fish
protected by the Endangered Species
Act have led in some dry years to drastic cuts in
water deliveries to Klamath Project irrigators.
Water in Upper Klamath Lake must be kept above certain
levels for the endangered shortnose and Lost River suckers. Lake
levels and Klamath River flows below Iron Gate Dam also must be
regulated for the benefit of threatened coho salmon (See
Klamath Basin
Chinook and Coho Salmon).
Conflict
In 2001, Reclamation all but cut off irrigation water to hundreds
of basin farmers and ranchers, citing a severe drought and legal
obligations to protect imperiled fish. In response, thousands of
farmers, ranchers and residents flocked to downtown Klamath Falls
to form a “bucket brigade” protest, emptying buckets of water
into the closed irrigation canal. The demonstrations stretched
into the summer, with protestors forcing open the irrigation
headgates on multiple occasions. Reclamation later released some
water to help farmers.
In September 2002, a catastrophic
disease outbreak in the lower Klamath River killed tens of
thousands of ocean-going salmon. The Pacific Coast Federation of
Fishermen’s Associations sued Reclamation, alleging the Klamath
Project’s irrigation deliveries had violated the Endangered
Species Act. The fishing industry eventually prevailed, and
a federal court ordered an increase to minimum flows in the lower
Klamath.
Compromise
The massive salmon kill and dramatic water shut-off set in motion
a sweeping compromise between the basin’s many competing water
interests: the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement and the
Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement. The 2010 agreements
included:
Removal of four hydroelectric dams
$92.5 million over 10 years to pay farmers to use less water,
increase reservoir storage and help pay for water conservation
and groundwater management projects.
$47 million over 10 years to buy or lease water rights to
increase flows for salmon recovery.
Dam Removals
Congress never funded the two agreements, allowing the key
provisions to expire. The restoration accord dissolved in 2016.
The hydroelectric pact, however, was revived in an amended
version that did not require federal legislation.
The new deal led to the nation’s largest dam removal project ever
undertaken.
California and Oregon formed a
nonprofit organization called the Klamath River Renewal
Corporation to take control of the four essentially obsolete
power dams – J.C. Boyle, Copco No. 1, Copco No. 2 and Iron Gate –
and oversee a $450 million dam demolition and river restoration
project.
Taking out the dams will open more than 420 miles of river and
spawning streams that had been blocked for more than a century,
including cold water pools salmon and trout need to survive the
warming climate.
Demolition crews took out the smallest dam in 2023 and all four
dams were taken down by the end of 2024.
The images of yellow heavy machinery tearing into the dam’s
spillway gates prompted a cathartic release for many who have
been fighting for decades to open this stretch of the Klamath.
“I’m still in a little bit of shock,” said Toz Soto,
the Karuk fisheries program manager. “This is actually
happening…It’s kind of like the dog that finally caught the car,
except we’re chasing dam removal.”
The Klamath Basin’s Chinook salmon and coho salmon serve a vital
role in the watershed.
Together, they are key to the region’s water management, habitat
restoration and fishing.
However, years of declining population have led to federally
mandated salmon restoration plans—plans that complicate the
diversion of Klamath water for agriculture and other uses.
Battle Creek, a tributary of the
Sacramento River in Shasta and Tehama counties, is considered one
of the most important anadromous fish spawning streams in the
Sacramento Valley.
At present, barriers make it difficult for anadromous fish,
including chinook salmon and Central Valley steelhead trout, to
migrate. Battle Creek has several hydroelectric dams, diversions
and a complex canal system between its north and south forks that
impede migration.
This issue of Western Water looks at the BDCP and the
Coalition to Support Delta Projects, issues that are aimed at
improving the health and safety of the Delta while solidifying
California’s long-term water supply reliability.
This printed issue of Western Water features a
roundtable discussion with Anthony Saracino, a water resources
consultant; Martha Davis, executive manager of policy development
with the Inland Empire Utilities Agency and senior policy advisor
to the Delta Stewardship Council; Stuart Leavenworth, editorial
page editor of The Sacramento Bee and Ellen Hanak, co-director of
research and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of
California.
This printed issue of Western Water examines the issues
associated with the State Water Board’s proposed revision of the
water quality Bay-Delta Plan, most notably the question of
whether additional flows are needed for the system, and how they
might be provided.
This printed issue of Western Water examines science –
the answers it can provide to help guide management decisions in
the Delta and the inherent uncertainty it holds that can make
moving forward such a tenuous task.
This printed issue of Western Water examines the Russian and
Santa Ana rivers – areas with ongoing issues not dissimilar to
the rest of the state – managing supplies within a lingering
drought, improving water quality and revitalizing and restoring
the vestiges of the native past.
This printed issue of Western Water provides an overview of the
idea of a dual conveyance facility, including questions
surrounding its cost, operation and governance
This printed copy of Western Water examines the native salmon and
trout dilemma – the extent of the crisis, its potential impact on
water deliveries and the lengths to which combined efforts can
help restore threatened and endangered species.
This printed copy of Western Water examines the Delta through the
many ongoing activities focusing on it, most notably the Delta
Vision process. Many hours of testimony, research, legal
proceedings, public hearings and discussion have occurred and
will continue as the state seeks the ultimate solution to the
problems tied to the Delta.
This issue of Western Water explores the implications for the San
Joaquin River following the decision in the Natural Resources
Defense Council lawsuit against the Bureau of Reclamation and
Friant Water Users Authority that Friant Dam is required to
comply with a state law that requires enough water be released to
sustain downstream fish populations.
Fresh from the ocean, adult salmon struggle to swim hundreds of
miles upstream to spawn — and then die — in the same stream in
which they were born. For the salmon, the river-to-ocean,
ocean-to-river life cycle is nothing more than instinct. For
humans, it invites wonder. The cycle has prevailed for centuries,
yet as salmon populations have declined, the cycle has become a
source of conflict. Water users have seen their supplies reduced.
Fishermen have had their catch curtailed. Environmentalists have
pushed for more instream flows for fish.
