Taking medicine can help us get better when we’re ill. But our
bodies won’t absorb all of a drug. The leftovers leave in our
urine. Water treatment plants were never designed to remove
those drugs. So they just flow through these cleanup plants and
into rivers and other sources of drinking water. But a simple
low-cost, two-step process could help end that. An added
benefit, this treatment also removes plant fertilizers. And
that’s a good thing, because they can trigger blooms of harmful
microbes in lakes, rivers and streams. Researchers at the
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and at China
Agricultural University in Beijing developed the new process.
They shared how it works in the December 5 Journal of Hazardous
Materials.
A smoldering chemical reaction brewing deep inside the recently
closed Chiquita Canyon Landfill in Castaic now threatens to
consume an entire 160-acre canyon of buried waste, endangering
a storage area for hazardous liquid waste, according to state
officials. … State regulators worry that damage to the
tank farm would cause chemical-laden leachate to spill onto the
landfill’s surface and potentially into nearby sources of
water. State agencies have ordered Waste Connections to
relocate the tank farm to prevent hazardous chemicals from
seeping into groundwater or spilling into
storm drains that feed into the Santa Clara River.
A significant spill that sent more than 2 million gallons of
sewage into the Truckee River which went unreported in 2022 and
2023 has prompted legislative action in Nevada. A new bill,
Senate Bill 276, introduced by state Senator Ira Hansen in
Carson City, aims to prevent similar incidents by requiring
that downstream users be notified in the event of a spill.
Chairman Steven Wadsworth of the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe
expressed frustration over the lack of notification regarding
the spill, which originated from an apartment complex.
“Unbelievable how this could happen and even worse than that
how could we not be notified,” said Wadsworth.
… How best to get rid of PFASs is now a multibillion-dollar
question. The EPA estimated that US utilities might have to
spend up to $1.5 billion annually for treatment systems; an
industry group that is suing the agency argues that costs could
be up to $48 billion over the next 5 years. Utilities must have
systems in place by 2029. … And although the EPA has
focused on drinking water, scientists want to stop PFASs from
ever reaching the water by removing them from other
environmental sources. … With looming deadlines,
academic researchers and companies are developing methods to
gather and destroy PFASs from these sources.
In a continued effort to expedite rebuilding after Los Angeles’
devastating firestorms, Gov. Gavin Newsom this week suspended
California environmental laws for utility providers working to
reinstall key infrastructure. His latest executive order
eliminates requirements to comply with the California
Environmental Quality Act, or CEQA, and the California Coastal
Act for utilities working to rebuild “electric, gas, water,
sewer and telecommunication infrastructure” in the Palisades
and Eaton fire burn zones. Newsom also continued to encourage
the “undergrounding” of utility equipment when feasible, which
he said will help minimize the future fire risk in these
communities.
Officials are investigating several fire stations between
Livermore and Pleasanton for water contamination as Pleasanton
continues looking for new well sites. In 2023, The San
Francisco Bay Regional Water Board started to examine
facilities for evidence of possible PFAS, or polyfluoroalkyl
substances, in groundwater and runoff storm water in the two
cities. The board chose to investigate the fire stations
after Pleasanton in 2019 began shutting down its three
wells due to significant PFAS contamination. The board now
wants to figure out if fire-fighting foams, which contain the
forever chemical, were a significant source of a massive
subsurface plume of those substances.
Dozens of Central Valley residents are planning to gather in
Fresno to voice their opposition to a plan to expand dumping
they say will bring dangerous waste to the region. On
March 20, residents and environmental justice advocates plan to
protest on the steps of Fresno City Hall against a proposed
expansion of hazardous waste dumping that could permit city
landfills to take more contaminated soil. … According to a
news release from the California Environmental Justice
Coalition, the plan threatens air and water quality, public
health, and community safety, especially in communities already
burdened by pollution.
Real estate in San Mateo County is among the most valuable in
the United States. Even small parcels can fetch millions. Yet,
in East Palo Alto’s Ravenswood Business District, acres of land
sit empty, their potential unrealized. At first glance,
these vacant lots appear to be prime real estate — offering
stunning views of the Diablo Range to the east and the Santa
Cruz Mountains to the west, with the San Francisco Bay Trail
hugging the area’s eastern edge. But beneath the surface,
remnants of the area’s industrial past linger. Arsenic,
lead, cadmium, volatile organic compounds, and oil contaminate
the soil and groundwater, rendering much of the
district uninhabitable until extensive remediation is complete.
… Old underground storage tanks are scattered across
communities of all levels of vulnerability. Often relics of old
gas stations, they frequently leak gasoline into the
surrounding soil and groundwater. As cleanups go, they are
relatively simple, and the cleanup protocol is consistent
across sites. … The state Water Resources Control Board,
which oversees the cleanups of underground storage tanks, is
aware that cleanups take longer in more vulnerable communities.
Annalisa Kihara, the agency’s assistant deputy director in the
Division of Water Quality, said the agency is revising its
process to prioritize communities that are most burdened with
pollution, and that it has an initiative for expediting stalled
cases.
SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment Inc. is violating the Clean
Water Act by discharging pollutants from fireworks displays and
wastewater into San Diego’s Mission Bay, according to a new
lawsuit from environmental groups. The complaint, filed
Thursday in the US District Court for the Southern District of
California, alleges that SeaWorld’s discharges violate its
General National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit
for Residual Firework Pollutant Discharges and its NPDES Permit
for wastewater discharges. The fireworks displays at SeaWorld’s
San Diego park discharge debris, toxic metals, and other
pollutants that harm water quality, ecosystems, and public
health in Mission Bay.
… California outlawed microplastic beads in personal care
products and banned single-use plastic grocery bags. Three
years ago, California enacted the most far-reaching legislation
anywhere to cut plastic pollution at the source and hold
producers responsible for the plastic they create. Senate Bill
54 (Allen, 2022) was a monumental bipartisan
accomplishment. … This globally significant step in
the right direction could be reversed if Gov. Newsom and his
administration fail to meet this week’s deadline to adopt the
carefully crafted regulations that will keep the state on track
to meet the law’s ambitious goals….Microplastic particles are
found everywhere on Earth – in our food and drinking
water, on top of the highest mountains and at the
bottom of the deepest ocean trenches…. –Written by Julie Packard, executive director of Monterey
Bay Aquarium, and Wendy Schmidt, president and co-founder of
Schmidt Family Foundation and Schmidt Ocean Institute
A criminal investigation by the California Department of Fish
and Wildlife’s (CDFW) Law Enforcement Division and the Stockton
Police Department has resulted in a suspect being identified
and charged on suspicion of a September 2024 illegal petroleum
dumping incident that impacted the Smith Canal Waterway in
Stockton. … The multi-agency effort recovered oil from the
waterway and removed impacted soil along the canal. David
Andrew Sump was arrested and arraigned on charges stemming from
his alleged role in dumping approximately 280 gallons of waste
oil into the waterway and surrounding environment.
A divided Supreme Court on Tuesday made it harder for
environmental regulators to limit water pollution, ruling for
San Francisco in a case about the discharge of raw sewage that
sometimes occurs during heavy rains. By a 5-4 vote, the court’s
conservative majority ruled that the Environmental Protection
Agency overstepped its authority under the Clean Water Act with
water pollution permits that contain vague requirements for
maintaining water quality. The decision is the latest in which
conservative justices have reined in pollution control efforts.
Advanced Industrial Services, Inc. agreed to pay $29,736 after
a driver for the company dumped 150 gallons of
petroleum-contaminated wastewater into Grimes Canyon Creek near
Fillmore. The Ventura County District Attorney’s Office
announced the settlement Friday after the case was investigated
by both the DA’s office and California Department of Fish and
Wildlife. The company was also ordered to comply with permanent
injunctive terms prohibiting the unlawful disposal of petroleum
products, the DA’s office said in a news release.
While the rains were a welcome respite from the month of
destructive wildfires, they also raised concerns about
contaminated runoff and questions on how to rebuild a
climate-resilient city. Heavy rains after a fire can be
dangerous, increasing the risk of flash flooding, mudslides and
debris flows, as witnessed in Pacific Palisades and Sierra Madre.
But, perhaps less obvious, is the serious threat of toxic
chemicals in fire-ravaged areas that gets washed into waterways,
threatening water quality, public health and the environment,
according to the State Water Resources Control Board.
A study led by the Joe C. Wen School of Population & Public
Health at the University of California, Irvine has revealed
possible links between exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl
substances in drinking water and an increased risk of certain
childhood cancers. Widely used in industrial and consumer
products, PFAS — commonly known as “forever chemicals” due to
their persistence in the environment — have been linked to
various adverse health effects. … In an online study in the
journal Environmental Epidemiology, the researchers
investigated the role that PFAS exposure via drinking water
contamination may play in childhood cancer risk.
Several times per year, San Francisco’s sewage and stormwater
system gets overwhelmed by rain runoff. The excess polluted
water flows straight into the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco
Bay. The city says it’s the best they can do with their
resources, but local environmental groups aren’t satisfied with
the efforts. … The city says that the overflow occurs no more
than 10 times per year to prevent the streets from flooding.
The city has two plants that can hold 200 million gallons of
water combined. But, according to a lawsuit filed by the
federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California
State Water Resources Control Board in May 2024, the system’s
design has discharged 1.8 million gallons of untreated sewage
into the ocean since 2016.
… Beyond oil spills and industrial accidents, there are other
reasons that it’s past time to aggressively move away from
fossil fuels. In Santa Barbara County, the remaining oil
deposits are tar-like and incredibly polluting and
energy-intensive to extract out of the ground. They are also
located under our groundwater reservoirs, putting our drinking
water at risk of contamination. –Written by Katie Davis, chair of Sierra Club Los Padres
Chapter, Linda Krop, Chief Counsel of Environmental Defense
Center, and Sigrid Wright, executive director of Community
Environmental Council
Toxic algae off the coast of Malibu is likely sickening
sea lions, causing the large marine mammals to experience
seizures and comatose states, according to a nonprofit wildlife
rehabilitation center…. Domoic acid is an algal bloom
that can be either benign or toxic, according to the California
Wildlife Center…. This year’s suspected bloom off the coast
of Malibu is yet another hit to Southern California’s marine
wildlife and beaches. Researchers are racing to determine just
how much all of the runoff of ash and burned remnants of homes,
cars and household items from the recent fires could impact the
ocean and its inhabitants.
Cities across California and the Southwest are significantly
increasing and diversifying their use of recycled wastewater as
traditional water supplies grow tighter.
The 5th edition of our Layperson’s Guide to Water Recycling
covers the latest trends and statistics on water reuse as a
strategic defense against prolonged drought and climate change.
Tiny pieces of plastic waste shed
from food wrappers, grocery bags, clothing, cigarette butts,
tires and paint are invading the environment and every facet of
daily life. Researchers know the plastic particles have even made
it into municipal water supplies, but very little data exists
about the scope of microplastic contamination in drinking
water.
After years of planning, California this year is embarking on a
first-of-its-kind data-gathering mission to illuminate how
prevalent microplastics are in the state’s largest drinking water
sources and help regulators determine whether they are a public
health threat.
A pilot program in the Salinas Valley run remotely out of Los Angeles is offering a test case for how California could provide clean drinking water for isolated rural communities plagued by contaminated groundwater that lack the financial means or expertise to connect to a larger water system.
Martha Guzman recalls those awful
days working on water and other issues as a deputy legislative
secretary for then-Gov. Jerry Brown. California was mired in a
recession and the state’s finances were deep in the red. Parks
were cut, schools were cut, programs were cut to try to balance a
troubled state budget in what she remembers as “that terrible
time.”
She now finds herself in a strikingly different position: As
administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s
Region 9, she has a mandate to address water challenges across
California, Nevada, Arizona and Hawaii and $1 billion to help pay
for it. It is the kind of funding, she said, that is usually
spread out over a decade. Guzman called it the “absolutely
greatest opportunity.”
Innovative efforts to accelerate
restoration of headwater forests and to improve a river for the
benefit of both farmers and fish. Hard-earned lessons for water
agencies from a string of devastating California wildfires.
Efforts to drought-proof a chronically water-short region of
California. And a broad debate surrounding how best to address
persistent challenges facing the Colorado River.
These were among the issues Western Water explored in
2019, and are still worth taking a look at in case you missed
them.
It’s been a year since two devastating wildfires on opposite ends
of California underscored the harsh new realities facing water
districts and cities serving communities in or adjacent to the
state’s fire-prone wildlands. Fire doesn’t just level homes, it
can contaminate water, scorch watersheds, damage delivery systems
and upend an agency’s finances.
Blasted by sun and beaten by waves,
plastic bottles and bags shed fibers and tiny flecks of
microplastic debris that litter the San Francisco Bay where they
can choke the marine life that inadvertently consumes it.
Summer is a good time to take a
break, relax and enjoy some of the great beaches, waterways and
watersheds around California and the West. We hope you’re getting
a chance to do plenty of that this July.
But in the weekly sprint through work, it’s easy to miss
some interesting nuggets you might want to read. So while we’re
taking a publishing break to work on other water articles planned
for later this year, we want to help you catch up on
Western Water stories from the first half of this year
that you might have missed.
Each day, people living on the streets and camping along waterways across California face the same struggle – finding clean drinking water and a place to wash and go to the bathroom.
Some find friendly businesses willing to help, or public restrooms and drinking water fountains. Yet for many homeless people, accessing the water and sanitation that most people take for granted remains a daily struggle.
One of California Gov. Gavin
Newsom’s first actions after taking office was to appoint Wade
Crowfoot as Natural Resources Agency secretary. Then, within
weeks, the governor laid out an ambitious water agenda that
Crowfoot, 45, is now charged with executing.
That agenda includes the governor’s desire for a “fresh approach”
on water, scaling back the conveyance plan in the Sacramento-San
Joaquin Delta and calling for more water recycling, expanded
floodplains in the Central Valley and more groundwater recharge.
Low-income Californians can get help with their phone bills, their natural gas bills and their electric bills. But there’s only limited help available when it comes to water bills.
That could change if the recommendations of a new report are implemented into law. Drafted by the State Water Resources Control Board, the report outlines the possible components of a program to assist low-income households facing rising water bills.
The growing leadership of women in water. The Colorado River’s persistent drought and efforts to sign off on a plan to avert worse shortfalls of water from the river. And in California’s Central Valley, promising solutions to vexing water resource challenges.
These were among the topics that Western Water news explored in 2018.
We’re already planning a full slate of stories for 2019. You can sign up here to be alerted when new stories are published. In the meantime, take a look at what we dove into in 2018:
Disadvantaged communities are those carrying the greatest
economic, health and environmental burdens. They include
poverty, high unemployment, higher risk of asthma and heart
disease, and often limited access to clean, affordable drinking
water.
For decades, cannabis has been grown
in California – hidden away in forested groves or surreptitiously
harvested under the glare of high-intensity indoor lamps in
suburban tract homes.
In the past 20 years, however, cannabis — known more widely as
marijuana – has been moving from being a criminal activity to
gaining legitimacy as one of the hundreds of cash crops in the
state’s $46 billion-dollar agriculture industry, first legalized
for medicinal purposes and this year for recreational use.
As we continue forging ahead in 2018
with our online version of Western Water after 40 years
as a print magazine, we turned our attention to a topic that also
got its start this year: recreational marijuana as a legal use.
State regulators, in the last few years, already had been beefing
up their workforce to tackle the glut in marijuana crops and
combat their impacts to water quality and supply for people, fish
and farming downstream. Thus, even if these impacts were perhaps
unbeknownst to the majority of Californians who approved
Proposition 64 in 2016, we thought it important to see if
anything new had evolved from a water perspective now that
marijuana was legal.
Joaquin Esquivel learned that life is
what happens when you make plans. Esquivel, who holds the public
member slot at the State Water Resources Control Board in
Sacramento, had just closed purchase on a house in Washington
D.C. with his partner when he was tapped by Gov. Jerry Brown a
year ago to fill the Board vacancy.
Esquivel, 35, had spent a decade in Washington, first in several
capacities with then Sen. Barbara Boxer, D-Calif., and then as
assistant secretary for federal water policy at the California
Natural Resources Agency. As a member of the State Water Board,
he shares with four other members the difficult task of
ensuring balance to all the uses of California’s water.
A new study could help water
agencies find solutions to the vexing challenges the homeless
face in gaining access to clean water for drinking and
sanitation.
The Santa Ana Watershed Project
Authority (SAWPA) in Southern California has embarked on a
comprehensive and collaborative effort aimed at assessing
strengths and needs as it relates to water services for people
(including the homeless) within its 2,840 square-mile area that
extends from the San Bernardino Mountains to the Orange County
coast.
Microplastics – plastic debris
measuring less than 5 millimeters – are an
increasing water quality concern. They enter waterways and
oceans as industrial microbeads from various consumer
products or larger plastic litter that degrades into small bits.
Microbeads have been used in exfoliating agents, cosmetic washes
and large-scale cleaning processes. Microplastics are used
pharmaceutically for efficient drug delivery to affected sites in
patients’ bodies and by textile companies to create artificial
fibers.
Microplastics disperse easily and widely throughout surface waters and sediments. UV
light, microbes and erosion degrade the tiny fragments, making
them even smaller and more difficult for wastewater treatment
plants to remove.
The particles, usually made of polyethylene or polypropylene
plastic, take thousands of years to biodegrade
naturally. It takes prohibitively high temperatures to
break microplastics down fully. Consequently, most water treatment plants cannot remove
them.
The health effects of consumption are currently under
investigation.
Responses
Many advocacy groups have published lists of products containing
microbeads to curb their purchase and pollution.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulates microbeads in
industrial, but not domestic, wastewater.
Federal
law required microbeads to be phased out of rinse-off
cosmetics beginning in July 2017. Dozens of states also
regulate microbeads in products. California has the strictest
limitation, prohibiting even the use of biodegradable microbeads.
Microplastics in California Water
In 2019, the San Francisco Estuary Institute published a
study estimating that 7 trillion pieces of microplastic
enter San Francisco
Bay annually from stormwater runoff, about 300
times the amount in all wastewater treatment effluent entering
the bay.
California lawmakers in 2018 passed a package of bills to raise
awareness of the risks of microplastics and microfibers in the
marine environment and drinking water. As
directed by the legislation, the State Water Resources Control
Board in 2020 adopted an official
definition of microplastics in drinking water and in 2022
developed the world’s standardized methods for testing drinking
water for microplastics.
The water board was expected by late 2023 to begin testing
for microplastics in untreated drinking water sources tapped by
30 of the state’s largest water utilities. After two years, the
testing was expected to extend to treated tap water served
to consumers. A progress report and recommendations for
policy changes or additional research are required by the end of
2025.
Contaminants exist in water supplies from both natural and
manmade sources. Even those chemicals present without human
intervention can be mobilized from introduction of certain
pollutants from both
point and nonpoint sources.
Directly detecting harmful pathogens in water can be expensive,
unreliable and incredibly complicated. Fortunately, certain
organisms are known to consistently coexist with these harmful
microbes which are substantially easier to detect and culture:
coliform bacteria. These generally non-toxic organisms are
frequently used as “indicator
species,” or organisms whose presence demonstrates a
particular feature of its surrounding environment.
Point sources release pollutants from discrete conveyances, such
as a discharge pipe, and are regulated by federal and state
agencies. The main point source dischargers are factories and
sewage treatment plants, which release treated
wastewater.
Problems with polluted stormwater and steps that can be taken to
prevent such pollution and turn what is often viewed as
“nuisance” runoff into a water resource is the focus of this
publication, Stormwater Management: Turning Runoff into a
Resource. The 16-page booklet, funded by a grant from the State
Water Resources Control Board, includes color photos and
graphics, text explaining common stormwater pollutants and
efforts to prevent stormwater runoff through land use/
planning/development – as well as tips for homeowners to reduce
their impacts on stormwater pollution.
20-minute version of the 2012 documentary The Klamath Basin: A
Restoration for the Ages. This DVD is ideal for showing at
community forums and speaking engagements to help the public
understand the complex issues related to complex water management
disputes in the Klamath River Basin. Narrated by actress Frances
Fisher.
For over a century, the Klamath River Basin along the Oregon and
California border has faced complex water management disputes. As
relayed in this 2012, 60-minute public television documentary
narrated by actress Frances Fisher, the water interests range
from the Tribes near the river, to energy producer PacifiCorp,
farmers, municipalities, commercial fishermen, environmentalists
– all bearing legitimate arguments for how to manage the water.
After years of fighting, a groundbreaking compromise may soon
settle the battles with two epic agreements that hold the promise
of peace and fish for the watershed. View an excerpt from the
documentary here.
This 25-minute documentary-style DVD, developed in partnership
with the California Department of Water Resources, provides an
excellent overview of climate change and how it is already
affecting California. The DVD also explains what scientists
anticipate in the future related to sea level rise and
precipitation/runoff changes and explores the efforts that are
underway to plan and adapt to climate.
Salt. In a small amount, it’s a gift from nature. But any doctor
will tell you, if you take in too much salt, you’ll start to have
health problems. The same negative effect is happening to land in
the Central Valley. The problem scientists call “salinity” poses
a growing threat to our food supply, our drinking water quality
and our way of life. The problem of salt buildup and potential –
but costly – solutions are highlighted in this 2008 public
television documentary narrated by comedian Paul Rodriguez.
A 20-minute version of the 2008 public television documentary
Salt of the Earth: Salinity in California’s Central Valley. This
DVD is ideal for showing at community forums and speaking
engagements to help the public understand the complex issues
surrounding the problem of salt build up in the Central Valley
potential – but costly – solutions. Narrated by comedian Paul
Rodriquez.
20-minute DVD that explains the problem with polluted stormwater,
and steps that can be taken to help prevent such pollution and
turn what is often viewed as a “nuisance” into a water resource
through various activities.
Many Californians don’t realize that when they turn on the
faucet, the water that flows out could come from a source close
to home or one hundreds of miles away. Most people take their
water for granted; not thinking about the elaborate systems and
testing that go into delivering clean, plentiful water to
households throughout the state. Where drinking water comes from,
how it’s treated, and what people can do to protect its quality
are highlighted in this 2007 PBS documentary narrated by actress
Wendie Malick.
A 30-minute version of the 2007 PBS documentary Drinking Water:
Quenching the Public Thirst. This DVD is ideal for showing at
community forums and speaking engagements to help the public
understand the complex issues surrounding the elaborate systems
and testing that go into delivering clean, plentiful water to
households throughout the state.
This beautiful 24×36-inch poster, suitable for framing, displays
the rivers, lakes and reservoirs, irrigated farmland, urban areas
and Indian reservations within the Klamath River Watershed. The
map text explains the many issues facing this vast,
15,000-square-mile watershed, including fish restoration;
agricultural water use; and wetlands. Also included are
descriptions of the separate, but linked, Klamath Basin
Restoration Agreement and the Klamath Hydroelectric Agreement,
and the next steps associated with those agreements. Development
of the map was funded by a grant from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.
The 28-page Layperson’s Guide to California
Wastewater is an in-depth, easy-to-understand publication
that provides background information on the history of wastewater
treatment and how wastewater is collected, conveyed, treated and
disposed of today. The guide also offers case studies of
different treatment plants and their treatment processes.
As part of the historic Colorado
River Delta, the Salton Sea regularly filled and dried for
thousands of years due to its elevation of 237 feet below
sea level.
The most recent version of the Salton Sea was formed in 1905 when
the Colorado River broke
through a series of dikes and flooded the seabed for two years,
creating California’s largest inland body of water. The
Salton Sea, which is saltier than the Pacific Ocean, includes 130
miles of shoreline and is larger than Lake Tahoe.
This printed issue of Western Water, based on presentations
at the November 3-4, 2010 Water Quality Conference in Ontario,
Calif., looks at constituents of emerging concerns (CECs) – what
is known, what is yet to be determined and the potential
regulatory impacts on drinking water quality.
This issue of Western Water looks at some of the issues
facing drinking water providers, such as compliance with
increasingly stringent treatment requirements, the need to
improve source water quality and the mission of continually
informing consumers about the quality of water they receive.
This issue of Western Water examines PPCPs – what they are, where
they come from and whether the potential exists for them to
become a water quality problem. With the continued emphasis on
water quality and the fact that many water systems in the West
are characterized by flows dominated by effluent contributions,
PPCPs seem likely to capture interest for the foreseeable future.
This issue of Western Water examines the presence of mercury in
the environment and the challenge of limiting the threat posed to
human health and wildlife. In addition to outlining the extent of
the problem and its resistance to conventional pollution
remedies, the article presents a glimpse of some possible courses
of action for what promises to be a long-term problem.
This issue of Western Water examines the problem of perchlorate
contamination and its ramifications on all facets of water
delivery, from the extensive cleanup costs to the search for
alternative water supplies. In addition to discussing the threat
posed by high levels of perchlorate in drinking water, the
article presents examples of areas hard hit by contamination and
analyzes the potential impacts of forthcoming drinking water
standards for perchlorate.
2002 marks the 30th anniversary of one of the most significant
environmental laws in American history, the Clean Water Act
(CWA). The CWA has had remarkable success, reversing years of
neglect and outright abuse of the nation’s waters. But challenges
remain as attention turns to the thorny issue of cleaning up
nonpoint sources of pollution.
