The Klamath River flows 253 miles
from Southern Oregon to the California coast, draining a basin of
more than 15,000 square miles. The watershed and its fisheries
have been the subject of negotiation since the 1860s negotiations
that have intensified and continue to this day.
The river has provided irrigation to ag lands since the late 19th
century. Agricultural development drained vast areas of
wetlands on the periphery of Upper Klamath Lake and in
upstream watersheds. Some of this drained acreage has been
restored and is now managed primarily for wetland benefits.
The watershed is divided geographically into two basins, upper
and lower, divided by Iron Gate Dam, the lower most dam on the
river. The Upper Basin is dry, with annual precipitation of about
13 inches at the river’s origin near Klamath Falls, Ore.
Downstream, the climate grows wetter.
Native Americans have a significant presence in the Klamath
Basin. Four major tribes have been influential in water
negotiations: the Klamath Tribes, the Karuk Tribe, the Hoopa
Valley Tribe and the Yurok Tribe.
More than a century has passed since members of the Shasta
Indian Nation saw the last piece of their ancestral home — a
landscape along the Klamath River where villages once stood —
flooded by a massive hydroelectric project. Now more than 2,800
acres of land that encompassed the settlement, known as
Kikacéki, will be returned to the tribe. The reclamation is
part of the largest river restoration effort in U.S. history,
the removal of four dams and reservoirs that had cut off the
tribe from the spiritual center of their world. … With the
decommissioning of the dams and draining of the reservoirs,
miles of river valley are visible once more, and the return of
free-flowing water has fueled hopes of reviving the salmon runs
that had sustained the valley’s tribes since time immemorial.
As work proceeds to remove four dams along the Klamath River,
more than the salmon runs will be restored: The lands long buried
by the now-drained reservoirs will be reclaimed by the people who
were robbed of them more than 100 years ago. The Shasta Indian
Nation will celebrate Tuesday as California Gov. Gavin Newsom
returns about 2,800 acres of the tribe’s most sacred and
culturally important lands that were drowned by the Copco I dam
in the early 20th century. The date also marks the fifth
anniversary of a historic apology made to California tribes by
Newsom. It’s the latest chapter in the nation’s largest-ever dam
removal.
Water tests in the mainstream Klamath River indicate temporary
increases in heavy metal that accumulated behind the four dams
that were removed “have now been resolved,” and that the water
is safe for recreation, agricultural uses and some public
drinking. Mark Bransom, CEO of the Klamath River Renewal
Corporation, said KRRC commissioned Camas Environmental
Professionals, an environmental consulting firm, to test the
water quality in the mainstem Klamath River last month. “This
recent round of testing indicates that temporary increases in
certain heavy metals that had accumulated in the sediment in
the reservoirs behind Iron Gate, Copco 1, and J.C. Boyle dams
have now been resolved. Metals in the river water do not pose
any risk to human health or to wildlife,” Bransom said in a
news release.
Dave Bitts can bring in over 100 salmon by himself. “That’s an
exceptionally good day. If I catch 20 fish it’s worth the
trip,” says Bitts. At 76, he still fishes for salmon alone.
Standing in the cockpit on the stern deck of his wooden
trawler, Elmarue, he can keep an eye on all six wires; when one
of the lines starts to dance, he brings the fish in, stunning
it with his gaff while it’s still in the water. Then he uses
the tool to hook the salmon behind the gills and swings it onto
the deck. … The California Department of Fish and
Wildlife cited “ongoing issues associated with drought and
climate disruption” as factors leading to the closure of this
year’s salmon fishery, which generates $1.4 billion in a normal
year. In fact, salmon stocks along the West Coast have been in
steep decline for decades, and along with it, the industry that
relies on them. In its heyday, California issued over 7,000
commercial salmon fishing permits. Now there are fewer than
1,000, and only half of those boats are active.
The Klamath Water Users Association, along with the U.S. Bureau
of Reclamation and other plaintiff appellants asked a Ninth
Circuit appeals panel Wednesday morning to reverse summary
judgment from a case that confirmed the bureau and other actors
must comply with the Endangered Species Act when operating the
Klamath Irrigation Project. Managed by the Bureau of
Reclamation, the Klamath Irrigation Project supplies water to
over 225,000 acres of farmland and two wildlife refuges in the
Klamath Basin along the Oregon-California border. The project,
however, decimated the local Chinook and Coho salmon
population, which the Yurok tribe rely on to survive. Dams are
currently being removed from the upper Klamath Basin, allowing
the river to flow freely for the first time in 100 years. In a
victory for the fish and the tribe, U.S. District Judge William
Orrick ruled in 2023 that the federal government must follow
its own laws, such as the Endangered Species Act…
Amid the historic removal of dams on the Klamath River, the
Humboldt Area Foundation and Wild Rivers Community Foundation
announced the launch of a new fund to support projects in the
drastically changing Klamath Basin. According to a Tuesday news
release, the fund will support “grantmaking to bolster
community healing, Tribal self-determination, science and
restoration, storytelling, climate resilience, regenerative
agriculture, environmental stewardship, and more.” Starting
with $10 million, the foundations aim to support the health and
restoration of the basin and the communities that live in it.
At least 60% must go to tribes or Indigenous-led organizations,
according to the release, with a focus on climate resilience
and restorative justice projects.
An Oregon State University study is showing the economic impact
that water shortages have had on farms and ranches in the upper
Klamath basin. The study was partially funded by Klamath
County. It found that crops and livestock grown and raise
din the area are worth about $368 million annually. It also
generates more than $176 million in income for more than 3,000
employees. The study found that about $12 million in
labor income and 210 jobs have been lost with the decline in
livestock production because of water restrictions. It also
found that more than $12 million in labor income and 120 jobs
are presently at risk because of the maximum amount of water
the Bureau of Reclamation allows farmers to use.
This year, engineers in California and Oregon are carrying out
the largest dam removal project in history. For decades, salmon
and trout in the Klamath River have struggled to survive in the
unhealthy water conditions created by four dams and diversions
of water for irrigation. And for more than 20 years, Indigenous
Tribes that depend on the fish have been fighting for dam
removal. In late 2022, after many rounds of litigation to keep
water flowing and the fish alive, federal regulators finally
approved a dam removal plan. As the dams on the Klamath come
down, members of the Yurok, a Tribe whose reservation sits at
the mouth of the river, say they are feeling hopeful about the
Klamath’s future.
Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, located in far Northern
California, harbors what remains of a once vast, shallow lake.
On a recent April morning, I toured the area with John
Vradenburg, supervisory fish and wildlife biologist for the
Klamath Basin Refuges. … The Klamath Basin National
Wildlife Refuges are a complex of six refuges straddling the
Oregon-California border — remnants of vast wetlands that once
expanded and contracted with the seasons, breathing an almost
unfathomable abundance of life into the dry region. A century
or so ago, flocks of geese and swans darkened the sky. There
were masses of white pelicans; hordes of grebes, ducks, and
ibises; eagles and hawks in profusion. On Lower Klamath Lake,
which sprawled nearly 100,000 acres, boats conveyed tourists
from the Klamath River to the lake’s southern tip.
Warm, summer-like temperatures can be expected later this week
in Humboldt County, especially inland. With the weather warming
up in a typical manner for the season, the National Weather
Service office in Eureka and the Humboldt County Sheriff’s
Office have urged safety in the rivers. Johnathon White, a
meteorologist at Eureka’s NWS office, said over the weekend a
ridge brought warmer temperatures and coastal stratus on the
coast, a pattern that continued Monday. Into Tuesday, he said
there will be some clearing of the coastal stratus along the
coast. “It’ll bring more cloudiness and cooler temperatures for
inland areas,” he said. Another ridge is expected to come in
the middle-end of the week to bring warmer temperatures inland
and slightly warmer coastal temperatures. The temperatures are
forecast at a high in the 90s for inland Humboldt County near
the week’s end and in the 60s around coastal areas.
Water quality levels on the Klamath River are continuing to
improve amid dam deconstruction work, according to the North
Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Concerns about
the presence of heavy metals like lead and arsenic in the river
after several dams were breached were first voiced by residents
and Siskiyou County officials in March. But a new round of
monitoring from early May suggests those metals concentrations,
many of which are naturally occurring, are dropping as decades
of sediment continues to wash down the river.
Demolition of three dams on the Klamath River is currently
underway, as the drawdown phase that emptied massive reservoirs
wrapped up. This month, crews started taking out Iron Gate and
J.C. Boyle. “Frankly, we can see the end of the dams in sight,
literally, as they’re coming down so quickly.” said Mark
Bransom, CEO of the Klamath River Renewal Corporation reached
by phone Friday. Deconstruction of the earthen part of J.C.
Boyle, a 68-foot-tall concrete and earth fill dam in Southern
Oregon, began last week on Monday. The removal of Iron Gate
began May 1, the largest dam out of the bunch at 173 feet tall.
Thursday, a dynamite blast on Copco No. 1 took off about 30
feet of the dam — removal of which started in March as the
concrete structure allowed for any spring flows to pass over
the top.
A House Natural Resources subcommittee will consider how to
shore up operations of major Western waterways, including the
Colorado and Klamath river basins. The Subcommittee on Water,
Wildlife and Fisheries will meet Wednesday to review four bills
targeting infrastructure and hydropower. Lawmakers will discuss
Nevada Democratic Rep. Susie Lee’s H.R. 7776, the “Help Hoover
Dam Act,” which would provide an additional $45 million in
operating funds for the nation’s second tallest dam.
The dam removal projects- aimed at sustaining the salmon
population, are underway, with the latest drawdown being three
reservoirs on the Klamath River. The removal process has
already dramatically changed the landscape in Southern Oregon
and far Northern California, along the course of the river. The
lowest of the three remaining dams- Iron Gate, was initially
breached on January 9, followed by the J.C. Boyle reservoir on
January 16. A concrete plug in the tunnel at the base of Copco
1 was blasted away on January 23, with the reservoirs draining
quickly, leaving vast expanses of fissured mud that was the
consistency and color of chocolate cake batter. Shaping its new
course, the Klamath River is winding through the bare
landscape, but the transformation has had some unintended
consequences and saddened some residents.
…Tuesday, the State Water Resources Control Board took
action to protect the salmon,
unanimously extending the region’s
expired emergency drought measures. Ground and surface
water for farms will be restricted for another year if flows in
the Shasta and Scott rivers dip below minimum thresholds. State
officials say these measures are likely to kick in next
year. Water board chair Joaquin Esquivel said action
is needed because “a fish emergency” remains on the rivers.
“Time isn’t our friend,” he said at a previous meeting in
August. “There is an urgency.” The water board also
is investigating the possibility of permanent requirements to
keep more water in the rivers, after the Karuk Tribe and the
fishing industry petitioned the state for stronger protections.
That decision, however, could take years.
The Klamath River Basin was once one
of the world’s most ecologically magnificent regions, a watershed
teeming with salmon, migratory birds and wildlife that thrived
alongside Native American communities. The river flowed rapidly
from its headwaters in southern Oregon’s high deserts into Upper
Klamath Lake, collected snowmelt along a narrow gorge through the
Cascades, then raced downhill to the California coast in a misty,
redwood-lined finish.
California is chock full of rivers and creeks, yet the state’s network of stream gauges has significant gaps that limit real-time tracking of how much water is flowing downstream, information that is vital for flood protection, forecasting water supplies and knowing what the future might bring.
That network of stream gauges got a big boost Sept. 30 with the signing of SB 19. Authored by Sen. Bill Dodd (D-Napa), the law requires the state to develop a stream gauge deployment plan, focusing on reactivating existing gauges that have been offline for lack of funding and other reasons. Nearly half of California’s stream gauges are dormant.
In 1983, a landmark California Supreme Court ruling extended the public trust doctrine to tributary creeks that feed Mono Lake, which is a navigable water body even though the creeks themselves were not. The ruling marked a dramatic shift in water law and forced Los Angeles to cut back its take of water from those creeks in the Eastern Sierra to preserve the lake.
Now, a state appellate court has for the first time extended that same public trust doctrine to groundwater that feeds a navigable river, in this case the Scott River flowing through a picturesque valley of farms and alfalfa in Siskiyou County in the northern reaches of California.
Headwaters are the source of a
stream or river. They are located at the furthest point from
where the water body empties or merges with
another. Two-thirds of California’s surface water supply
originates in these mountainous and typically forested regions.
Mired in drought, expectations are high that new storage funded
by Prop. 1 will be constructed to help California weather the
adverse conditions and keep water flowing to homes and farms.
At the same time, there are some dams in the state eyed for
removal because they are obsolete – choked by accumulated
sediment, seismically vulnerable and out of compliance with
federal regulations that require environmental balance.
20-minute version of the 2012 documentary The Klamath Basin: A
Restoration for the Ages. This DVD is ideal for showing at
community forums and speaking engagements to help the public
understand the complex issues related to complex water management
disputes in the Klamath River Basin. Narrated by actress Frances
Fisher.
For over a century, the Klamath River Basin along the Oregon and
California border has faced complex water management disputes. As
relayed in this 2012, 60-minute public television documentary
narrated by actress Frances Fisher, the water interests range
from the Tribes near the river, to energy producer PacifiCorp,
farmers, municipalities, commercial fishermen, environmentalists
– all bearing legitimate arguments for how to manage the water.
After years of fighting, a groundbreaking compromise may soon
settle the battles with two epic agreements that hold the promise
of peace and fish for the watershed. View an excerpt from the
documentary here.
This 25-minute documentary-style DVD, developed in partnership
with the California Department of Water Resources, provides an
excellent overview of climate change and how it is already
affecting California. The DVD also explains what scientists
anticipate in the future related to sea level rise and
precipitation/runoff changes and explores the efforts that are
underway to plan and adapt to climate.
This beautiful 24×36-inch poster, suitable for framing, displays
the rivers, lakes and reservoirs, irrigated farmland, urban areas
and Indian reservations within the Klamath River Watershed. The
map text explains the many issues facing this vast,
15,000-square-mile watershed, including fish restoration;
agricultural water use; and wetlands. Also included are
descriptions of the separate, but linked, Klamath Basin
Restoration Agreement and the Klamath Hydroelectric Agreement,
and the next steps associated with those agreements. Development
of the map was funded by a grant from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.
The Water Education Foundation’s second edition of
the Layperson’s Guide to The Klamath River Basin is
hot off the press and available for purchase.
Updated and redesigned, the easy-to-read overview covers the
history of the region’s tribal, agricultural and environmental
relationships with one of the West’s largest rivers — and a
vast watershed that hosts one of the nation’s oldest and
largest reclamation projects.
A new look for our most popular product! And it’s the perfect
gift for the water wonk in your life.
Our 24×36-inch California Water Map is widely known for being the
definitive poster that shows the integral role water plays in the
state. On this updated version, it is easier to see California’s
natural waterways and man-made reservoirs and aqueducts
– including federally, state and locally funded
projects – the wild and scenic rivers system, and
natural lakes. The map features beautiful photos of
California’s natural environment, rivers, water projects,
wildlife, and urban and agricultural uses and the
text focuses on key issues: water supply, water use, water
projects, the Delta, wild and scenic rivers and the Colorado
River.
The Pacific Flyway is one of four
major North American migration routes for birds, especially
waterfowl, and extends from Alaska and Canada, through
California, to Mexico and South America. Each year, birds follow
ancestral patterns as they travel the flyway on their annual
north-south migration. Along the way, they need stopover sites
such as wetlands with suitable habitat and food supplies. In
California, 90 percent of historic wetlands have been lost.
The Klamath River Basin is one of the West’s most important and
contentious watersheds.
The watershed is known for its peculiar geography straddling
California and Oregon. Unlike many western rivers, the
Klamath does not originate in snowcapped mountains but rather on
a volcanic plateau.
A broad patchwork of spring-fed streams and rivers in
south-central Oregon drains into Upper Klamath Lake and down into
Lake Ewauna in the city of Klamath Falls. The outflow from Ewauna
marks the beginning of the 263-mile Klamath River.
The Klamath courses south through the steep Cascade Range and
west along the rugged Siskiyou Mountains to a redwood-lined
estuary on the Pacific Ocean just south of Crescent City,
draining a watershed of 10 million acres.
A bounty of resources – water, salmon, timber and minerals – and
a wide range of users turned the remote region into a hotspot for
economic development and multiparty water disputes (See
Klamath River
timeline).
Though the basin has only 115,000 residents, there is seldom
enough water to go around. Droughts are common. The water
scarcity inflames tensions between agricultural,
environmental and tribal interests, namely the basin’s four major
tribes: the Klamath Tribes, the Karuk, Hoopa Valley and Yurok.
Klamath water-use conflicts routinely spill into courtrooms,
state legislatures and Congress.
In 2023, a historic removal of four powers dams on the river
began, signaling hope for restoration of the river and its fish
and easing tensions between competing water interests. In
February 2024, Interior Secretary Deb Haaland
announced a “historic” agreement between tribes and farmers
in the basin over chronic water shortages. The deal
called for a wide range of river and creek restoration work and
modernization of agricultural water supply infrastructure.
Water Development
Farmers and ranchers have drawn irrigation water from basin
rivers and lakes since the late 1900s. Vast wetlands around
Upper Klamath Lake and upstream were drained to grow crops. Some
wetlands have been restored, primarily for migratory birds.
In 1905, the federal government authorized construction of the
Klamath Project, a network of irrigation canals, storage
reservoirs and hydroelectric dams to grow an agricultural
economy in the mostly dry Upper Basin. The Project managed by the
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation irrigates about 240,000 acres and
supplies the Lower Klamath Lake and Tule Lake national wildlife
refuges managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Water Management
Since 1992, federal mandates to restore populations of fish
protected by the Endangered Species
Act have led in some dry years to drastic cuts in
water deliveries to Klamath Project irrigators.
Water in Upper Klamath Lake must be kept above certain
levels for the endangered shortnose and Lost River suckers. Lake
levels and Klamath River flows below Iron Gate Dam also must be
regulated for the benefit of threatened coho salmon (See
Klamath Basin
Chinook and Coho Salmon).
Conflict
In 2001, Reclamation all but cut off irrigation water to hundreds
of basin farmers and ranchers, citing a severe drought and legal
obligations to protect imperiled fish. In response, thousands of
farmers, ranchers and residents flocked to downtown Klamath Falls
to form a “bucket brigade” protest, emptying buckets of water
into the closed irrigation canal. The demonstrations stretched
into the summer, with protestors forcing open the irrigation
headgates on multiple occasions. Reclamation later released some
water to help farmers.
In September 2002, a catastrophic
disease outbreak in the lower Klamath River killed tens of
thousands of ocean-going salmon. The Pacific Coast Federation of
Fishermen’s Associations sued Reclamation, alleging the Klamath
Project’s irrigation deliveries had violated the Endangered
Species Act. The fishing industry eventually prevailed, and
a federal court ordered an increase to minimum flows in the lower
Klamath.
Compromise
The massive salmon kill and dramatic water shut-off set in motion
a sweeping compromise between the basin’s many competing water
interests: the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement and the
Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement. The 2010 agreements
included:
Removal of four hydroelectric dams
$92.5 million over 10 years to pay farmers to use less water,
increase reservoir storage and help pay for water conservation
and groundwater management projects.
$47 million over 10 years to buy or lease water rights to
increase flows for salmon recovery.
Dam Removals
Congress never funded the two agreements, allowing the key
provisions to expire. The restoration accord dissolved in 2016.
The hydroelectric pact, however, was revived in an amended
version that did not require federal legislation.
The new deal led to the nation’s largest dam removal project ever
undertaken.
California and Oregon formed a
nonprofit organization called the Klamath River Renewal
Corporation to take control of the four essentially obsolete
power dams – J.C. Boyle, Copco No. 1, Copco No. 2 and Iron Gate –
and oversee a $450 million dam demolition and river restoration
project.
Taking out the dams will open more than 420 miles of river and
spawning streams that had been blocked for more than a century,
including cold water pools salmon and trout need to survive the
warming climate.
Demolition crews took out the smallest dam in 2023 and the others
were scheduled to come down by the end of 2024.
The images of yellow heavy machinery tearing into the dam’s
spillway gates prompted a cathartic release for many who have
been fighting for decades to open this stretch of the Klamath.
“I’m still in a little bit of shock,” said Toz Soto,
the Karuk fisheries program manager. “This is actually
happening…It’s kind of like the dog that finally caught the car,
except we’re chasing dam removal.”
On the Klamath River, the Upper Klamath Basin’s aquatic
ecosystems are naturally very productive due to its
phosphorus-rich geology.
However, this high productivity makes the Basin’s lakes
vulnerable to water quality problems.
Nutrient loads in the Upper Klamath Basin are a primary driver of
water quality problems along the length of the Klamath River,
including algal blooms in the Klamath Hydroelectric Project
reservoirs. Municipal and industrial discharges of wastewater in
the Klamath Falls area add to the nutrient load.
The Klamath Basin’s Chinook salmon and coho salmon serve a vital
role in the watershed.
Together, they are key to the region’s water management, habitat
restoration and fishing.
However, years of declining population have led to federally
mandated salmon restoration plans—plans that complicate the
diversion of Klamath water for agriculture and other uses.
This issue of Western Water examines the challenges facing state,
federal and tribal officials and other stakeholders as they work
to manage terminal lakes. It includes background information on
the formation of these lakes, and overviews of the water quality,
habitat and political issues surrounding these distinctive bodies
of water. Much of the information in this article originated at
the September 2004 StateManagement Issues at Terminal Water
Bodies/Closed Basins conference.
The story of the Klamath River is the story of two basins.
In the upper basin, farming has long been the way of life. Even
before passage of the 1902 Reclamation Act, settlers had begun
the arduous process of reclaiming vast tracts of wetlands and
transforming them into rich farmland.